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古代,学生放暑假吗?
2017-08-19 05:51:19 中国青年网
国子监的学生每年有不少假期,旬假、田假、授衣假等,能让学生的假期生活过得充实而有意义。旬假是指一个月每旬放假一天,即十天放假一天休息,和现在的周日差不多。旬假这天,学生可以逛街、“K歌”、游戏、下棋,搞搞个人卫生;田假是专门为农忙时期而放的假,此时农家孩子往往都会赶回家帮父母劳动,体验下地干活的艰辛和乐趣,锻炼动手操作能力。用现在的眼光看就是增强理论联系实际的重要性,体验基层生活;授衣假,指九月以后的天气变冷了,学校专门给学生回家准备御寒衣物用的时间,唐代首次设置授衣假。田假和九月授衣假都比较长,约一个月。《新唐书·选举志》记载“每岁五月有田假,九月有授衣假。”《诗经》有“七月流火,九月授衣”。9月了,逐渐有霜降等寒冷节气,这时农活减少,妇女大多闲下来备御寒衣物,给学生放一个月的假期回家,看来是很符合当时社会民情的。
田假和授衣假是为了方便学生回家,安排这么久的。更为可取的是,一个月的假期排除了学生来回奔波在路上回家的时间。如果有些学生实在因回家的路途太遥远而耽搁了过多时间,可以向上申请适当延伸。唐朝对学生的假期管理很严厉,如果学生申请了适当延伸假期,但依然没有按时回到学校上课,就会被劝退。
虽然田假和授衣假加起来一共两个月,但不能认为这就是古代的暑假。
暑假是舶来品
始于清末教会新式学堂 上世纪30年代普及全国
真正意义上的暑假是独属于学生的夏天的假期,与“寒假”相对,时间较长,一般在7、8月,这是个舶来品。清朝末年,西学东渐打破了中国旧的教育体制,很多传教士创办的教会学校风靡,他们把西方的现代教育模式带到了中国,也把欧美等国家放暑假的习惯带了进来。在清朝末年出生的人受到的教育是双重的,小时候读过私塾,长大读过教会学校,有史料记载,“教会学校放暑假、寒假和圣诞假,这在旧式学堂里是没有的。”
不但教会学校带来新风,而且清政府也派人出国考察新式教育,将体育课、实验课、学期制和寒暑假制度都学了回来。后来,清廷创办的新式学堂里也有了放暑假的新鲜事。
直到上世纪30年代,国民政府完成对私塾的教育改革后,暑假才在中国学校里普及。
本报记者 郭志英
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