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早期检出率相对较低 自检不能代替防癌筛查
乳腺癌发现越早,治疗效果越好是公认的事实。若在乳腺癌的早期阶段发现并进行规范化的治疗,患者的五年生存率可达95%,II期患者也能达到70%以上,如果到了III期乳腺癌,患者的五年生存率只有40%—50%,IV期则更低。定期进行乳腺检查,是预防乳腺癌的最有效的方式。然而由于部分女性防癌意识较弱、乳腺癌普查未能覆盖全部人群等原因,我国妇女早期乳腺癌中I期检出率约占20%—25%,而在欧美等发达国家则达80%以上。对于没有条件开展常规体检的地区或人群,乳腺自我检查有助于尽早发现自身一些乳腺癌发病“信号”,一旦发现乳腺肿块、乳头溢液、乳头内陷、乳房皮肤改变、出现“酒窝”状凹陷特征以及其他乳腺异常的情况,就应及时去医院做进一步的专业检查。
需要特别强调的是,自检绝不可替代必要的防癌体检。肿瘤早期不一定会出现明显症状,难以及时察觉。除了医生触诊之外,建议35岁以下人群进行B超检查;35岁以上女性最好每年做一次正规的乳腺x线检查。
精准化治疗 呈现3个变化趋势
张瑾教授介绍,过去的20年,乳腺癌的诊疗水平和管理模式进步飞速,越来越趋于精准化治疗,呈现以下三个变化趋势:首先在检测方面,随着医学和科技的进步发展,乳腺癌分子分型也不断走向“细分”,更好地开展针对性的个体化治疗。其次在治疗方面,随着分子生物学技术的发展,乳腺癌易感基因和致癌位点相继被发现,为乳腺癌精准治疗提供了更多科学依据。另外在患者的生活质量方面,更加优化患者的治疗方式,已经从过去的“最大可耐受”转向“最小可治疗”,在疾病规范化诊治的前提下,更加注重提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量。
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