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高贵之梦或许是一场噩梦

2017-08-18 08:36:18   中国青年网

从长远来看,法学的概念天国对于法律的发展无疑是致命的。因为,虽说法律的发展离不开概念逻辑的支撑,但正如霍姆斯所言:“要理解法律是什么,我们必须了解它以前是什么,以及它未来会成为什么样子。我们必须交替地参考历史和现有的立法理论。”法律的发展是具体的历史的统一,是合规律性与合目的性的统一,概念天国的危害就在于,它过于强调概念的超验性、封闭性、现实无涉性,认为所有法律问题都可以像数学问题那样从一般概念中推导出来,这无异于构建了一座法律的空中楼阁,最终使得法律的发展陷入僵化,甚至蜕变为社会发展的桎梏。

从更深层面来讲,耶林法学概念天国的隐喻至少向我们开启了两个根本性问题:一是法学概念与司法实践的关系。如果说某一法学概念确实具有超越时空、文化和民族的普遍适用性,很大程度上是因为这一概念内在蕴含的实践问题具有超时空性和超文明性。毋庸置疑,司法实践中的问题,不仅是我们理解法学概念的契入口,也是理解我们司法状态的契入口,正是通过直面这些问题,法学概念才具有了研究价值和生存空间。二是法律的稳定性与开放性的关系。人们探索一种彻底规制人之行动的确定性,而社会生活情势的不断变化却又迫使法律必须根据种种新形势作出调整,因此,法律秩序就必须是既稳定又灵活的。潘德克顿法学将法律的稳定性推演到极致,从而导致概念天国的噩梦诞生。

因此,我们对于法律条文的认知、研究与适用,既不能脱离特定时空之情势,也不能陷入纯粹的概念推演。法学研究中的概念与逻辑,绝不意味着法学理论家的“自留地”,而是司法实践的抽象化反映;司法实践中的法律适用,也绝不意味着简单机械地套用条文,而是将刻板的法律规则与变化的社会现实相结合,并灵活运用人们易接受的方式,“润物细无声”地将其落实到社会生活中。唯其如此,才能够增强人民群众对法律公正的获得感,才能够达至法律适用效率与效果的有机统一。

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