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中国高铁知识产权保护体系亟待建构

2017-08-16 08:36:49   中国青年网

造成高铁知识产权保护不力的主要原因

一是高铁技术的专利注册与保护不力。中国高铁核心技术知识产权保护存在的问题,主要表现为专利注册与保护的缺失。目前,研究成果虽多但专利申请量少,技术易流失。近年来我国每年取得的国家级重大科技成果不少通过发表论文、成果鉴定、学术研讨、公开使用等方式公开而被世界无偿使用。这些都意味着国有产权、资金乃至资本的流失。没有专利保护的科研成果一旦被公开,等于放弃法律赋予的权利。企业、大学等科研场所研究出来的成果,缺乏像国外高新技术产业那样对专利申请战略的敏感度,没有形成一条龙式的专利申请服务平台。如此一来,大量的科研成果被盗取,更有甚者,外国企业可以将这些成果据为己用,然后再申请专利,抢占专利高地,最后依托专利法反客为主,致使我国科研机构蒙受巨大损失。

同时,如果只对研究成果申请中国专利,造成的损失同样不小。专利是有地域性的,如果一项发明只在中国申请专利,那么它在别的国家则不受法律的保护,别国可无偿使用。我国的海外专利申请战略处于十分落后的阶段,相比之下,国外高铁巨头在欧、美、日等国家的专利数量远超中国企业。

二是高铁技术中的商业秘密保护不到位。知识产权保护的国际标准TPIS协议把商业秘密称之为“未披露的信息”。该协议第39条第2款将“未披露的信息”表述为:“自然人和法人应有可能防止他人未经许可而以违反诚实商业惯例的方式,披露、获取或使用其合法持有并满足下述条件的信息:(1)具有秘密性质,即该信息就其整体或者具体的配置及成分的组合,非为一般处理同类信息的人普遍知悉或容易获得的;(2)因其秘密性而具有商业价值;(3)该信息的合法持有人,为保持其秘密性,根据有关情况采取了合理的措施。”从中可以看到,商业秘密须具有秘密性、价值性,以及必须采取保密措施。中国高铁技术在不断发展升级的过程中,并未完整规划哪些技术申请专利,哪些技术作为商业秘密予以保护。我们的大部分科研人员只管完成课题研究和论文,通过成果鉴定便万事大吉,至于下一步科研成果的保护和市场运作已与自己无关,许多科研成果都是通过发表论文、成果鉴定、学术研讨、公开使用等方式公开,既未申请专利,也未作为商业秘密给予保护,结果便造成了科研成果的大量流失。

三是知识产权保护的前期工作未能有效开展。当前,中国高铁技术知识产权保护的前期工作并未有效开展,这就给后期知识产权的保护带来了巨大的麻烦。知识产权保护的前期工作主要有两个方面:一方面是在整个项目的运作前,是否做好了整个项目的知识产权保护规划;如新技术、新成果问世前,是作为商业秘密保护,还是作为专利申请;作为商业秘密保护的话,如何操作,如何保护技术不外流?作为专利申请的话,事前是否做了专利查询、何时申请专利?以此观察整个高铁核心技术研发,就会发现缺乏系统的知识产权保护规划,对新技术、新成果的保护并不严密,以至于让国外对手抢占了先机。另一方面,是我们是否在新技术、新成果面世前及时作出准备,以抢占潜在市场国甚至竞争国的专利高地。高铁项目在我国近年来的发展规划中占据了极其重要的位置,这是我国实现中国品牌“走出去”的一张大牌。因此,在我们通过消化日、法、德的高铁技术后开始大规模再创新的时候,在高铁在全国如火如荼建设的时候,高铁项目的决策者应该明确高铁“走出去”的大体方向。如果在当时能够深入研究各国的专利法规以及同类技术的专利申请状况,我们就能抓住机遇见缝插针,把我们的关键技术钉入各国的专利市场当中,则当下高铁核心技术的知识产权保护工作就会容易得多。

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