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大学如果定要削减成本,那么就不得不面对办学质量的损失,如优秀师资的流失、校园植物的凌乱和损毁、个人发展的限制等。这就是说,大学的办学成本之所以难以削减,在于大学的生存和发展之道根本就不是效率问题,更不是提供服务产品的价格问题,而是不断追求办学的高质量。为了质量,大学总是需要更多的开支。即便是大学由于内部管理的完善而使办学效率得到了提升,它的最终表现也应该是质量的提高,而不是成本的削减。这就如同一位大学校长所谈到的那样:“我们进行的不是价格竞争,而是质量竞争,一直都是如此。虽然提高质量的花销过于昂贵,但我们也不得不这样做。”
3、突破“公币模式” 优化收入结构
对公立大学来讲,除了不高不低的学费以及少许社会服务收入,平衡其巨额花费的主要还是来自政府的财政投入。的确,在高等教育发展史上,政府一直就是大学最有力的支持者。但即便如此,政府的支持也常发生变化。如美国加州大学伯克利分校,50年前其70%的开支都由州政府支持,到如今已降到14%左右了。事实上,自2003年以来,美国政府在公立院校财政中的角色已明显从支持者变成了扶持者。就我国来讲,由于大学长期受到政府的资助,使得高教界的许多人士开始相信,这种巨额且持续高增长的财政投入既是可预期的,也是理所当然的。但是,随着我国自2012年以来经济步入新常态、减税政策的实施,大学所获财政投入的增长幅度开始减缓,甚至出现了负增长。
这种变化,并不意味着政府不重视高等教育,而是越发感到力不从心了。目前,政府也越来越接受这样一个事实:仅仅依靠税收已越来越难以维持一个办学成本和入学人数都在不断增加的庞大公立高等教育机构了。为此,可以这样说,在当前及可预见的将来,我国大学要做到“不差钱”,最保险也是唯一的出路,就是突破现有的过于依赖政府财政投入的“公币模式”,寻求大范围的支持者,往往被认为是只有私立大学才会干的事,而不关乎由政府举办、有政府财政兜底的公立大学。其实,这两类院校之间的界限已越来越模糊了。如在美国,无论是公立大学还是私立大学,都向所在社区、政府寻求财政支持,都花费大把时间来培育潜在的捐赠者。即便是在资源争夺战中,公立大学也不得不表现得更像私立大学,如“高预算-高收入-高资助”这种以往仅仅私立精英大学专享的财政模式,也在公立大学系统中流行开来,尤其是那些高声望、旗舰型的公立大学更是将其运用得淋漓尽致。
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