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大学如何“不差钱”

2017-08-16 07:40:56   央广网

有钱好办事,没钱办事难,这一道理同样适用于大学。从中世纪起,大学就为能够拥有足够的办学资金而苦苦奋斗。

时至今日,大学很可能长期面临这样一种状况:其收入的增长率将会低于维持现有质量体系所必需的增长率。这是一个比较乐观的估计,如果大学的收入停止增长或下降,那后果就不堪设想。因为,有一个基本事实就是,大学所能提供的资源,与师生需求清单的距离总是很远。这就如同有学者所认为的那样,除非大学的收入能快速增加,否则绝大多数大学都会发现自己将要面对经费短缺的局面。即便大学现阶段的经费不短缺,但若考虑到大学将来的发展,仍然面临还需额外为将来储备资金而造成现有经费不足的窘境。

2、大学为啥总“缺钱”

大学为啥总缺钱?有人认为是大学财政的性质所决定的。如就公立院校来讲,当年的财政拨款如果没有用完就意味着下一年度将削减同等数量的拨款。然而,如果大学花完了所有下拨的经费,政府一旦削减了拨款,大学就将陷入危机。但当前大学还无法回避的一个现实就是,办学的花销越来越大。如有一个公认的事实就是,网络等新技术在校园里的使用虽然便捷了师生的工作,但却没有降低办公成本,相反由于办公设备的经常性更新而比以往的开支更大了。再如,在趋于市场化的师资聘用方面,大学为了吸引和留住最优秀的教师,必须付出巨大的代价。在美国一些院校,一位新聘教师期望支付的薪水就多达数十万美元,甚至竞聘教师的出价还包括大幅度压缩教学负担的承诺。又如,吸纳优秀生源的成本也在不断增加。大学尤其是高水平大学除了在招生环节中需要花费的成本比以往更多之外,为了吸纳更多立志取得更好学术成就的优质生源,还需给在校学生提供多种类且有力度的资助、更多校外交流的机会、更好的住宿及运动条件。

既然办学成本令人不安地不断增加,那么,大学是否有办法通过提升办学效率来降低它的财政负担呢?遗憾的是,高等教育市场从不买效率的帐,公众对那些效率最高的院校的评价往往也最低。这就如同有学者以美国高校举例所谈及的那样,一些营利性院校没有图书馆或全职教师,以很低的投入就为机构赢得了利润,在授予学分和学位方面也表现高效。而传统的大学不仅有优美的校园和其他便利设施,还有全职教师进行小班化教学。从生均成本来看,传统院校的效率最低,然而它们却占据“全美最好大学”的整个榜单。尽管社会上不停地呼吁并要求大学提高办学效率,但看样子大学还是做不到既能提高效率还能维持已有的教学质量。只要学生还是根据校园设施是否便利以及与教授相互交流的机会来判断大学教育质量的优劣,降低办学成本的空间仍然是非常有限的。

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