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“仙侠”不可架空现实伦理(艺海观澜)

2017-08-16 06:36:52   中国青年网

学者赵毅衡曾指出:“文化地位较低的文本,比文化地位较高的文本,道德上更加严格”。这个观察是非常精准的。和纯文学相比,通俗文学和受众的社会心理联系更为紧密,作为读者导向的文学,哪怕仅仅基于对市场回报的考虑,也往往要和主流的道德认知相契合。比如在司法不公、权贵横行的时代,大众会期待出现包公这样的清官,携持三铡,巡视州府,主持公道,惩恶扬善,《包公案》这类通俗小说正是顺应这样的社会心理而流行。同样,在仙侠之前武侠流行的时代,郭靖、乔峰这样的大侠都是高度道德化的,我们期待“侠之大者”匡扶正义,明辨正邪,为现实世界中的伦理焦虑提供一种想象性的解决,比如武侠小说《射雕英雄传》,其道德标准并不亚于同时代的纯文学作品。

而在今天的这个仙侠世界中,我们头顶的星空与内心的道德律已经黯淡失色。神、仙、人、魔、妖、鬼六界混杂,在这个道德暧昧的世界里,主人公在正邪之间不无迷茫地穿梭,没有了现实伦理的约束,个人情感被凸显到无以复加的地步——这正是仙侠剧最为常见的叙事模式。

网络文艺与现实伦理的冲突,根源于现实伦理的内部冲突。准确地说,是一部分青年群体借助仙侠所代表的网络文艺这种亚文化,表达自己内心的伦理认知——这种伦理认知是一种虚浮无根的个人主义。仙侠剧之所以呈现出超现实的、过度浪漫主义的美学风格,正是基于部分青年不知道如何处理自我与现实的关系,过度留恋于个人小天地的现实处境。在社会高速运转的当下,一部分青年会有无法找到自己位置的焦虑,他们化解这种焦虑的方式不是现实世界中的奋斗,而是网络世界中的宣泄。这也是之所以网络文艺和网络游戏可以无障碍互相改编的原因所在:二者的核心逻辑是一致的,都“有助于”部分青年宣泄焦虑。

个人情感的面向固然值得尊重,但不得不说,网络文艺中的“个人”过于狭隘。这种个体价值观一方面非常膨胀,整个世界中只剩下小小的“我”;另一方面非常虚弱,这个“我”活在非常幼稚的情节与对话之中,无法成长。也正是从这个角度来说,网络文学作家有责任做出积极的改变,毕竟文艺作品与社会心理是互相塑造的。现在的问题是,网络文学作家非但没有主动做出改变,反而不加反思地无限迎合这种个人情感,为了在同类作品中脱颖而出、得到受众最热烈的追捧,写作者们不断强化对这种情感的刺激,流于为虐而虐的狗血剧,作品整体风格矫揉造作,甚至低级肉麻。网络文艺之所以罕有艺术精品,往往是被这种低级的情感结构束缚住了,缺乏内在精神。

对于仙侠剧所代表的网络文艺而言,有必要走出狭隘的情感格局,从虚弱膨胀的“个人”中走出来。还珠楼主在日据时期以“反清复明”寄托家国之思的小说《冷魂峪》中,有一著名回目,“一旅望中兴此地有崇山峻岭沃野森林夏屋良田琪花瑶草,几人存正朔其中多孝子忠臣遗民志士英雄豪杰奇侠飞仙”。这是奇侠飞仙的大义所在,从还珠楼主的入世仙侠到金庸的新武侠,英男烈女,任侠尚义,其念兹在兹的不是“仙”或者“武”,而是“侠义”二字,这才是中国通俗文学的“真精神”。

霜锷星镡述列仙,莫作搜神志怪看。如何更好地汲取通俗文学传统中的精华,为今天的网络文艺灌注有营养的内在精神,值得今天的网络文学作家和网络文艺工作者细加思量。

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