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韩国将基因编辑技术拱手让人 伦理成“拦路虎”

2017-08-14 11:08:48   中国经济网

8月2日,英国《自然》杂志将一篇论文公之于众:美国科学家利用CRISPR基因编辑技术,修正了未被植入子宫前的人类胚胎中的、与遗传性心脏疾病“肥厚型心肌病(HCM)”有关的基因变异。

尽管已过去一周,但风乍起,吹皱一池春水,这篇论文引发的余波在韩国仍未平复,韩国各界的讨论依然活跃。

韩国是“主角”之一

上述最新研究是被称为“基因剪刀”的CRISPR基因编辑技术,首次实现对人类早期胚胎中导致肥厚型心肌病突变基因的修复。韩国学者表示:“是韩国而不是美国学者主导了这项开创性的研究工作。”

韩国基础科学研究院此前曾正式向媒体宣布,该院的“基因剪刀”技术成功完成了人体胚胎特定基因突变的修复,定向准确,出错率处于“极低”水平。

据报道,韩国基础科学研究院遗传基因矫正研究团承担了这项工作,担任研究团团长的就是被称为韩国“基因剪刀第一人”的金晋秀博士。为了该项研究,他此前放弃了首尔大学终身教授的头衔。

肥厚型心肌病是一种单基因遗传性心脏病,MYBPC3基因被认为是致病的基因突变中最常见的一种。此次开发的“基因剪刀”能够识别DNA中突变的MYBPC3基因碱基序列,还包含可以截断DNA链条的“剪刀”蛋白质,可以准确定位突变基因在DNA链的位置并加以清除。

这项研究采用了将精子和基因剪刀同时注入卵子的新技术,最终可以将父代突变基因遗传给胚芽的概率从50%降低到27.6%。此前的实验中,基因剪刀只能改变部分细胞DNA碱基序列,但是新技术几乎实现了100%突变基因的识别和切断,而且有效消除了胚胎嵌合现象。

伦理问题成“拦路虎”

虽然成果重大,但韩国媒体还有另一个关注点。据韩国媒体称,受到韩国生命伦理相关法律的限制,研究团队只能将开发好的基因剪刀技术拱手让与他人,提供给外国同行进行实验,最终的实验由美国研究人员为主的国际团队共同完成。

基因技术的前景无比诱人。但是在生命科学研究领域,韩国学者很难掩饰对美国特别是中国科研伦理环境的向往。十年前,为了挽回黄禹锡事件的影响,韩国的科技政策做了一个180度大转弯,矫枉过正地制定了堪称严厉的生命伦理法案。

随着基因编辑技术走向成熟,伦理问题再次成为技术发展的拦路虎。如何在提升韩国科研可信度的同时,为韩国科技工作者创造能施展才华的法律和道德空间,越来越成为韩国主管部门的沉重议题。

亟待确立技术法规

主持此次研究的金晋秀表示,目前已知的、因DNA碱基序列排列错误导致的遗传疾病约有一万种,大约1%的新生儿出生时患有某种遗传疾病,包括血友病、红细胞贫血症、亨廷顿舞蹈病等高危遗传病。而通过精确的基因识别和编辑技术,这些致病的基因突变已经有望得到修补,不再遗传给下一代。

研究人员表示,在当前的伦理框架下,“没有把进行过基因矫正的卵子放入母体子宫中着床。但如果成功着床,母体将会在9个月后诞下一个肥厚型心肌病患病概率很低的健康婴儿”。

金晋秀强调,在基因编辑领域,可以说技术上的问题已经全部克服,已经到了对胚芽研究取得社会共识,并确立积极的法规和制度的时候。

本报驻韩国记者 邰 举

(科技日报首尔8月13日电)

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