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试论第三人利益合同中第三人迟延

2017-08-16 04:30:53   中国青年网

结论

在第三人的受领或协助具有必要性的第三人利益合同有效成立后,如果第三人作出了受益表示且债务人依债务本旨提供了履行而第三人不受领给付,则构成了第三人迟延。

第三人迟延的情形下,如果债务人和债权人在合同中规定了以第三人的迟延作为免责条款,债务人自然可以直接以此免责条款对抗债权人。如果债务人和债权人在合同中没有规定以第三人的迟延作为免责条款,那么债务人可以对债权人行使先履行抗辩权。债务人除了可以对债权人抗辩外,还可以基于补偿关系中第三人利益合同所生的一切抗辩对抗受益第三人。

债务人可以采取如下的止损措施来防止因第三人迟延带给自己的损失:1.债务人自行消灭债务的权利发生:提存、自助卖却与抛弃占有;2.约定利息的停止;3.孳息返还范围的缩小;4.债务人注意义务的减轻;5.向债权人的风险转移。另外,笔者还建议,对于服务类型的合同,当第三人迟延之后又恢复受领或协助时,应给与债务人更长的准备期,以使债务人在第三人迟延期间能更灵活的安排其人力资源以避免进一步的损失。

在第三人利益合同中,如果债务人由于第三人迟延而遭受了损失,可以采取损害赔偿或解除合同等救济措施。基于鼓励交易的原则,损害赔偿应是优先考虑的救济措施。在债权人为清偿其对第三人的债务而同债务人订立第三人利益合同的情况下,债务人因第三人迟延而遭受损失后,如果是由于第三人之故意或过失而不受领,而予债务人以损害者,其赔偿责任由第三人负担;如果第三人不是基于故意或过失而不受领,债务人既可以向债权人请求损害赔偿,也可以向第三人请求损害赔偿,还可以向债务人和第三人请求承担连带责任。

本文对第三人利益合同中第三人迟延的构成要件和效力作了初步探讨,并分析了在债权人为清偿其对第三人的债务而同债务人订立第三人利益合同的情况下,债务人因第三人迟延而遭受损失后享有的损害赔偿请求权。笔者在本文的研究过程中,也发现第三人迟延的领域还有更多值得分析的问题,例如,在第三人因为接受债权人的赠与而成为第三人利益合同中受益第三人的情况下,债务人因第三人迟延而遭受损失后享有何种损害赔偿请求权。这些问题也将成为笔者的研究兴趣以期在未来的研究中进一步探析。

对于第三人利益合同中第三人迟延问题的研究,不仅能使债务人知道在第三人迟延时可以采取何种抗辩、止损和救济措施,也能让债权人和第三人更清楚自己在第三人利益合同中应该如何保证和促成合同目的顺利实现,从而更好地实现债务人、债权人和第三人各自的利益,使得第三人利益合同更有效地发挥其在社会经济生活中的积极作用。

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