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试论第三人利益合同中第三人迟延

2017-08-16 04:30:53   中国青年网

二、债务人的止损措施

第三人迟延的情形下,债务人可以采取止损措施,以防止因第三人迟延带给自己的损害。

与债权人迟延的情形下债务人可以采取的止损措施一样,在第三人迟延时债务人可以采取如下的止损措施:1.债务人自行消灭债务的权利发生:提存、自助卖却与抛弃占有;2.约定利息的停止;3.孳息返还范围的缩小;4.债务人注意义务的减轻;5.向债权人的风险转移。

三、债务人的救济措施

在第三人利益合同中,如果债务人由于第三人迟延而遭受了损失,可以采取损害赔偿或解除合同等救济措施。

1.损害赔偿

第三人对于债务人提供的履行不受领或不提供给付完成所必要的协助时,第三人及债权人同时陷于受领迟延。但基于第三人之故意或过失之不受领,而予债务人以损害者,其赔偿责任由第三人负担。合同法第64条规定:“当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务的,债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定,应当向债权人承担违约责任”。对于合同法第64条是否是关于第三人利益合同的规定,理论界一直存在争议。笔者赞成合同法第64条是关于第三人利益合同的规定,但这也只是表明了第三人可以基于合同法第64条对债务人有直接请求权。合同法总则中还没有对于第三人利益合同中第三人迟延后债务人救济措施的具体规定。但是,合同法分则中己经有相关规定。合同法第309条规定:“货物运输到达后,承运人知道收货人的,应当及时通知收货人,收货人应当及时提货。收货人逾期提货的,应当向承运人支付保管费用等费用”。虽然这个规定是针对运输合同和建设工程合同,没有具体指向IT服务合同等合同类型。但笔者认为,此时可以对法律条文作目的性扩张,认为在IT服务合同等第三人利益合同中,债务人对于第三人的迟延享有损害赔偿请求权。目的性扩张,系指对法律文义所未涵盖的某一类型,由于立法者的疏忽,未将其包括在内,为贯彻规范意旨,乃将该类型包括在该法律适用范围之内之漏洞补充方法而言。是目的性扩张,乃将原不为文义所涵盖之类型,包括于该法律之适用范围之内,其属漏洞补充,至为显然。

2.解除合同

第三人迟延时,基于鼓励交易的原则,为了促成合同完成及实现合同目的,债务人应该首先通过以上的止损及损害赔偿措施来保护自己的利益。但是,债务人依然享有合同约定的解除权和法定解除权。债务人在行使约定解除权和法定解除权时,无须得到第三人同意,但债务人在行使解除权时应该及时通知债权人和第三人。

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