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华为VS腾讯大数据之争 谁拿走了用户的个人数据?

2017-08-15 10:15:36   中国经济网

数据属不属于用户?

在很多人的直觉中,聊天内容归用户所有。华为提出“数据是用户的”,其潜台词是用户的授权是可以压过《网络安全法》赋予微信把关人的角色。不过,目前法律并不支持数据属于用户这个说法。

大多数人的直觉应当给予足够的尊重,毕竟法律一个非常重要的功能就是符合、支撑社会大众的正当预期。但是还应当看到,我们之所以能用非常方便、非常多样的形式和我们的朋友、亲人聊天,是因为微信的存在、微信的创新。换句话说,聊天信息的内容是我们个人产生,但是其展现形式和传输依赖于微信。

为了鼓励互联网公司持续不断地创新,应当尊重微信在其中的付出,给予微信对聊天内容和记录把关人的地位和第一收集、利用者的角色,鼓励、支持其对自身的付出取得相应合理的回报。这是个政策判断,不是个法律判断。

再进一步,聊天内容可以被区分为两层:一是聊天内容传递的信息和含义,这无可争议归用户所有;二是聊天内容的保存形式,即是一串串0和1的组合,微信可以对这些数据把关、收集、利用。也就是说,用户可以把聊天内容的信息和含义分享给华为。但是,华为如果要直接访问表征用户“准备几点在哪里吃饭”的那一串0和1,只能通过微信,而且微信必须事先同意。

简单地说,聊天内容属于用户所有。这句话既对也不对。我们应当尊重两边。用户能够分享自己的信息和含义给任何一方,但是华为要访问具体的比特字符,还是需要微信的事先同意。

华为须说明如何获得授权是关键

上述规定和要求,进一步巩固了数据收集方把关人的地位,也面临着可能助长数据垄断、不正当竞争等问题。比如或会出现某企业以保护数据安全为由,拒绝其他企业对数据的访问。菜鸟和顺丰之前的争议就涉及这个问题。

避免垄断、不正当竞争等问题的路径主要有几种:一是确认用户有数据携带权,目前国内法律框架中并没有相关规定;二是华为提出诉讼,用不正当竞争等事由来强迫微信同意,这种路径很难;三是国家从公法角度确立数据访问权的公法框架,不过,以公法角度来切入私法领域的争议非常大,目前全球领域内只有非常少量的相关立法。

此外,华为提出“荣耀Magic设备上处理用户数据之前经过了用户的授权”,也牵扯出用户授权提取信息的法理争论。

对于个人敏感信息的收集、使用,简单地埋在长长的隐私政策文本中并不可取,至少应该用“增强式告知”,即独立于隐私政策文本之外,在用户注册账号、安装程序、首次使用时弹出告知界面。这个界面的内容应当浓缩隐私政策的核心内容,或者突出展示了用户最关心的信息。若华为想收集用户的聊天记录,则应该突出告知用户并征求用户的授权同意。如果为了进一步确保这个同意真实有效,华为还应当使用“即时告知”的方式,即针对个人敏感信息,单独、专门地告知,并再次征得用户授权同意。华为称自己获得了用户的授权并不够,说明如何获得用户的授权才是关键。

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