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黑色煤海造绿洲

2017-08-15 08:01:09   中国青年网

目前,黑岱沟露天矿上游已修建拦洪坝20座,下游修建拦渣坝10座,在北排土场、东排土场、西排土场共修建临时性拦水坝16座。

经过治理,黑岱沟矿区范围内的水土流失基本上得到了治理。黑岱沟矿区水土流失控制程度达90%以上,水蚀模数已由原始地貌的1.3万吨/平方公里·年降至目前的1500吨/平方公里·年。

造出一片绿洲来

生态重建物种选择及植被优化配置模式技术管理是复垦工作的重点。课题组筛选出的适宜当地生长的植物已增加60余种

“让水土保持住,这是第一步。更重要的是,必须在黑色的煤海上造出一片绿洲来,让复垦区展现出勃勃生机。”杨汉宏坚定地说。

为了实现这一目标,黑岱沟煤矿在排弃剥离物时,根据有利于复垦种植和防止水土流失的要求,注重合理安排“一体化工艺”排弃方式,形成“表土采集堆存—岩石排弃压实—表土覆盖—土地平整—土地生态复垦”的科学作业流程,保证排土场的地质结构及景观与周围未开采地区协调一致,减少水土流失,满足植被复垦要求。同时,对坡面采用挖鱼鳞坑、水平沟等,并种植沙棘等耐旱固土较强的灌木进行固土。

杨汉宏说,过去两个矿区所处的地方到处是“鸡爪子山”,沟壑纵横,想找块平原都很难。经过土地平整和固土绿化,地貌发生了根本性的改变,也为煤海变绿洲打下了坚实的基础。

生态重建物种选择及植被优化配置模式技术管理是复垦工作的重点。秦泰介绍,早在1992年,神华准能集团就与内蒙古环境科学研究所合作组成了生态重建研究课题组,针对适宜性植物的筛选、生态结构模式的建立、农业及林业复垦技术、土壤改良技术以及水土流失防治对策等开展研究,为矿区的生态重建工作提供了强有力的技术保障。

通过多年研究和试验,课题组筛选出的适宜当地生长的植物已经增加60余种,包括苜蓿、新疆杨、樟子松、油松、山杏、沙打旺、紫穗槐、沙棘等。

“这些植物对不良立地因子和气候因子有较强的适应能力,而且根系发达,有较好的生长速度,更容易成活。”秦泰说,目前准格尔矿区植物群落的布局与配置,在空间上形成了草、灌、乔相结合的混交配置,建立了灌草型、乔草型、乔灌型和乔灌草型种较为科学的生态结构模式。在时间上采用短期、中期、长期相结合,布局上有经济植物区、生态植物区,形成了不同种、不同组合类型的生物群落,从而增加了矿区范围内物种的多样性和生态的多样化。

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