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在中国发现拜占庭金币

2017-08-14 05:22:52   中国青年网

其次,中国发现的拜占庭金币及仿制品本身的物理特征有助于推动对中亚社会经济生活的研究。拜占庭帝国制作的金币对黄金要求十分严格,而拜占庭以外地区制作的仿制品在黄金成色、重量、币面图案的风格上存在差异。若对各地发现的拜占庭金币、仿制品的成分加以科学检测,可进一步细化仿制品的类型,判断其产地、制作过程以及制作者身份。

此外,被发现的拜占庭金币、仿制品普遍存在剪边和穿孔现象,这对于分析推测其制作与用途极为重要。如中国发现的拜占庭金币中查士丁尼一世之前的索里得普遍被剪边,且切割极为仔细,铭文和图像以外的金币外缘部分被完全剔除,边缘还经过打磨,这有可能是某一政权的有组织行为。结合这些剪边金币的时间分布以及嚈哒地区对萨珊银币的剪边行为,我们推断嚈哒汗国在得到金币索里得后,将外缘的黄金剔除掉留作他用,被剪边之后的金币继续用于流通。若将不同地区发现的金币和仿制品上的穿孔加以对比,便可得出不同地域饰物特征的差异。如中国发现金币的穿孔位置多种多样,有单孔、双孔、三孔、四孔,且位置变化较多,蒙古国发现的金片则多为上下左右四个极小的孔,印度地区发现的金币和仿制品则是两个位置相邻的孔。这些穿孔位置的差异展现的是不同地区在使用其作为配饰时的文化差异。

再次,中国发现的拜占庭金币及其仿制品有助于推动我国货币史以及北朝社会史的研究。《隋书·食货志》载“河西诸郡,或用西域金银之钱,而官不禁”。拜占庭金币在中国北方各地特别是在陕西、洛阳、宁夏、甘肃等地的发现,为隋书的记载提供了考古证据的支持,丰富了我国货币史的细节。

对金币及其仿制品所有者的身份、发现地点和金币在墓中的具体位置等信息加以考察,帮助研究者探究北朝的社会生活。如2012年洛阳北魏节闵帝元恭墓出土的阿纳斯塔修斯一世金币,币面完整,色泽光亮,几乎未经磨损。元恭身为皇帝但又是傀儡,这一特殊身份使其不可能直接从商人那里获得金币赠礼,再结合史书中记载的此前几年到访的萨珊波斯、嚈哒使团信息,那么这枚金币很可能反映出北魏末年中原王朝与亚洲其他国家的政治往来;而2017年在西安西魏陆丑墓出土的两枚金币,则进一步印证了北魏末年至两魏分立时北朝社会与西方世界的联系。再如,河北磁县茹茹公主墓发现的两枚金币和赞皇李希宗妻崔幼妃墓出土的3枚金币,是东魏北齐经由雄踞北方草原的柔然与西方连接的有力证据。另外,所有者的身份和金币发现地点还为粟特胡商内迁至中原后的社会生活研究提供新线索。如固原发现的粟特后裔墓群和陕西、洛阳等地发现的粟特后裔墓葬,共出土了金币索里得、金币仿制品和小金片三种类型,与金币集中在中原和一些贵族手中、金片集中出现在吐鲁番墓群的现象形成对比,促使研究者关注粟特人与这些不同类型金制品东传间的联系。总体上,根据我国发现的拜占庭金币及仿制品的入葬时间,北朝时期中原各地与西方的交往相当频繁,至少在与拜占庭帝国的联系方面比唐初更为突出。

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