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德国:反贪污贿赂立法严谨细密

2017-08-11 15:26:45   中国青年网

除此之外,德国刑法第338条规定,如果行为人以受贿枉法为职业或作为为继续实施受贿枉法行为而成立的犯罪集团成员犯受贿枉法行为的,可以将用于违法行为或因违法行为而获得的特定物予以充公。第358条规定,因受贿枉法被判处6个月以上自由刑的,法院可以剥夺行为人担任公职的资格。

德国刑法对受贿罪的规定可谓特色鲜明、严谨细密。

其一,从主体上对受贿罪予以区分,在相同情形下,对法官和仲裁人配置了更重的法定刑,这体现了德国对司法公正的重视,对司法腐败的严厉打击态度。

其二,尤其重视从行为方式上对受贿罪予以区分,将受贿行为区分为受贿不枉法和受贿枉法两种,对前者只配置最高刑,对后者不仅配置最高刑,还配置最低刑,后者可能构成情节特别严重的受贿罪,也有可能被判处充公、剥夺担任公职的处罚,这都体现了对受贿枉法行为严厉打击的态度,有助于罪刑均衡原则的实现。

其三,明确了受贿罪“情节特别严重”的情形,有助于法官的裁判和量刑。

其四,构罪与否以及刑罚轻重与数额没有任何关系,从理论上讲,即使收受1欧元的贿赂,也有可能被追究刑事责任。

其五,法定刑配置较为轻缓。德国刑法废除了死刑,保留了无期徒刑,其自由刑上限为15年,受贿罪并未配置无期徒刑,自由刑最低为1个月,最高为15年,也并未针对所有情形配置罚金,同时仅仅针对特定情形规定了充公和剥夺公职。

应该看到,德国刑法有关规定对我国不无借鉴作用。而我国本次提交全国人大常委会讨论的《刑法修正案(九)草案》与现行刑法规定相比较,最大的变化是将现行规定的具体数额标准修改为“数额较大或者有其他较重情节”、“数额巨大或者有其他严重情节”、“数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节”并配置轻重不等的法定刑,与现行规定相比较,自然有其进步意义,但却仍然将数额作为量刑的主要根据。

其实,从理论上分析,即使接受1元的贿赂,也侵犯了国家工作人员职务行为的不可收买性,反腐应当坚持“露头即打”的原则。同时,笼统以“情节”作为区分法定刑幅度的标准,可能还是需要日后通过司法解释明确其实际的内容。笔者认为,德国刑法典中区分主体、区分行为方式、不以数额作为定罪量刑的依据以及明确“情节特别严重”的规定无疑具有相当科学性,值得借鉴。

(作者单位:华东政法大学法律学院)

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