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量子星辰照亮地球

2017-08-11 08:09:02   中国青年网

本次发布的地星量子隐形传态是“墨子号”量子卫星的另一科学目标。量子隐形传态采用地面发射纠缠光子、天上接收的方式,“墨子号”量子卫星过境时,与海拔5100米的西藏阿里地面站建立光链路。地面光源每秒产生8000个量子隐形传态事例,地面向卫星发射纠缠光子,实验通信距离从500公里到1400公里,所有6个待传送态均以大于99.7%的置信度超越经典极限。假设在同样长度的光纤中重复这一工作,需要3800亿年(宇宙年龄的20倍)才能观测到1个事例。这一重要成果为未来开展空间尺度量子通信网络研究,以及空间量子物理学和量子引力实验检验等研究奠定了可靠的技术基础。

2016年8月16日发射升空的“墨子号”量子卫星,是由我国完全自主研制的世界上第一颗空间量子科学实验卫星。该卫星从科学概念的提出到关键技术突破,从工程组织实施到科学成果产出,均由我国科学家主导完成。

现在,“墨子号”量子卫星提前、圆满地完成了预先设定的全部3大科学目标,标志着我国在量子通信领域的研究在国际上达到全面领先的优势地位。“墨子号”也开启了全球化量子通信、空间量子物理学和量子引力实验检验的大门,为我国在国际上抢占了量子科技创新制高点,成为国际同行的标杆,实现了向“领跑者”的转变。

千年梦想:不被破解的密码

与经典通信不同,量子密钥分发通过量子态的传输,在遥远两地的用户共享无条件安全的密钥,这是目前人类唯一已知的不可窃听、不可破译的无条件安全的通信方式

“不被破解的加密技术,是人类的千年梦想。而所有依赖于计算复杂度的传统加密算法原则上都会被破解。”谈起发射量子卫星的科学设想源起,潘建伟这样感叹。

确实,在现代社会,信息安全面临的问题越来越严重。RSA 512密码1999年被破解;RSA 768密码2009年被破解;标准密码“配对密码”在2012年被破解;广泛应用于文件数字证书中的SHA-1算法2017年2月被谷歌破解。

人们怀疑,以人类的才智无法构造人类自身不可破解的密码。而量子力学的百年积累,却为信息安全做好了准备。

量子是构成物质的最基本单元,是能量的最基本携带者,不可分割。量子的各种态不能精确测量,也不能被精确复制。量子不可克隆和不可分割的特性,使得量子通信一旦被窃听就必然被发现。

与经典通信不同,量子密钥分发通过量子态的传输,在遥远两地的用户共享无条件安全的密钥,利用该密钥对信息进行一次一密的严格加密,这是目前人类唯一已知的不可窃听、不可破译的无条件安全的通信方式。量子通信的另一重要内容是量子隐形传态,它利用量子纠缠可以将物质的未知量子态精确传送到遥远地点,而不用传送物质本身。远距离量子隐形传态是实现分布式量子信息处理网络的基本单元。

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