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松花石,璀璨在石谱之外

2017-08-10 08:42:40   中国青年网

那么,是什么原因致使这块长白山瑰宝长期游离于诗词翰墨之外呢?我们知道,历史上敬石、供石、赏石、写石、画石、藏石的现象,大多出现在中原的宫廷皇室、达官贵人和文人墨客之中,知识阶层“爱石”“赏石”之风又进一步升华了这种艺术创造活动的品位,丰富了石文化的艺术欣赏内涵。而与此同时,在广袤的关东大地上,文风与民风一样,还处在粗犷如冰雪怒号的部落征战之中,精致奢靡的文雅之风还在遥远的关内。如果从豪放浑厚的关东地域美学看这些园林奇石,虽不乏宫苑之气,却少了一种生鲜勃发的阳刚气概,更少了一分浑融豁达的天地胸怀。于是,当石谱中的“四大名石”在雕栏玉砌、亭台楼阁间与丝竹吟唱相伴相生之时,松花石的璀璨多姿则如翱翔的海东青根本就无暇关注绵软小巧的笙箫歌舞。

被女真大军掳至黑龙江依兰县五国城的宋徽宗赵佶,治国无能却艺术造诣杰出,他能书善画,对花石爱之成癖,著名的“花石纲”和由此导致的宋江、方腊起义即由此而起。建在皇城一隅的万寿艮岳竣工之时,石文化中著名的《艮岳记》也宣告完成。其中有云:“石以土地之殊,风气之异,悉生长成,养于雕栏曲槛。”并从中精选出六十五块奇石,亲自予以封爵题铭并刻于石背,定名为“宣和六十五石”。

唐朝两度为相的李德裕对奇石也是爱之有加,并对自己巧夺天工的造园艺术颇为自信,在自建的平泉山庄广置奇石并题诗作赋,其中《题罗浮石》中说:“清景持芳菊,凉天依茂松。名山何必去,此地有群峰。”就诗而言,尚属佳作,就赏石而言,体现的无非也是园林石的所用之巧。

松花石也是如此,其名声大震并非来自石之奇特,而是御用器物的原材料、作为琢砚的料石,取的是质地、纹理、硬度、发墨等功能性。康熙《制砚说》高出文人的砚谱之处,是在论述产地、质地之后所发的一段议论:“……故天地之生材甚伙,未必尽收于世,若此石终埋没于荒烟蔓草而不一遇,岂不大可惜哉!朕御极以来,恒念山林薮泽,必有隐伏沉沦之士,屡诏征求,多方甄录,用期野无遗佚,庶惬爱育人才之意。于制砚成而适有会也,故濡笔为之说。”由料石的使用价值引申到被埋没于民间的人才,不仅范围扩大了,而且从中蕴藏着一位雄才大略的帝王的治国理念,所以乾隆在其钦定的《西清砚谱》中说:“松花石出混同江边砥石山,绿色,光润细腻,品埒端歙。自明以前无有取为砚材者,故砚谱皆未之载。我朝发祥东土,扶舆磅礡之气,应候而显,故地不爱宝,以翊文明之运。自康熙年至今,取为砚材,以进御者。”所有这些论述,无不笼罩在“用”的范畴之内,再优也只是器,而在中国的传统哲学里,“君子不器”才是大境界。不论是儒家的庙堂之高还是佛道的江湖之远,就如王安石在《游褒禅山记》中所说:“世之奇伟、瑰怪,非常之观,常在于险远,而人之所罕至焉,故非有志者不能至也。”从这个角度看去,“君子不器”的灵魂境界,似乎唯松花奇石得其三味。

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