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反抗:当工业浪潮带来技术自信
到了近代,工业革命的大幕徐徐拉开,人们开始越来越敢于对抗、而非消极地逃避灾难。随着工业化进程的狂飙突进,“改造自然”“战胜自然”成为主流思潮。这种强烈的技术乐观主义始于凡尔纳时代的西欧,却在20世纪的苏联和中国达到了极致——作品中动辄出现的人造太阳、超级大坝,以及诸如此类“敢教日月换新天”式的宏大设想。
在20世纪,人类改造自然的力量出现了几何级数的增长,尤其是当聚变核武器与火箭技术发展成型后,就算是大名鼎鼎的“陨石遁”也没法成为强制让人类文明退场的理由了:在《天地大冲撞》中,虽说行动小队安装的那枚核弹头没有把活完全干清爽,但起码让地球上的大多数人躲过了危机。
类似的“技术自信”在典型的20世纪风格幻想作品中还有很多。在《地心危机》里,主角团队在几个月内临时拼凑出一艘“潜地艇”直取地核、引爆一串核弹让地核“发电机”重新运转了起来。作为20世纪最有影响力的发明之一,核弹往往在这种“20世纪范儿”的作品里扮演救场角色:陨石来了?一颗核弹。地磁场罢工?一颗核弹。甚至异形入侵、T病毒泄漏这些“非常态”危机,往往也用它救场。在核聚变的烈焰中,对技术能力的盲目自信与“战胜自然”的直线思维模式达到了完美的契合与统一。
反思:当天灾本质变成人祸
不过,正如人类历史上的种种“自信”一样,20世纪盲目到有些天真的技术自信最终也没能持续太久——以冷战时代的一系列严重工业事故、滥用化学制品导致的环境灾害为契机,对技术乐观主义的反思在20世纪下半叶逐渐成为了主流。
作为这一思潮的构成部分之一,自然灾难在幻想作品中出现了大幅度“回潮”:只不过,这一阶段的自然灾难已经不再是过去那种纯粹来自“自在自然”的产物了。相反,它们更多地展现为人类对自然进行粗暴干预和改造的结果:在保罗·巴奇加卢皮等一干作家创作的《发条女孩》《黄卡人》《拆船工》等环境灾害小说中,折磨着人类的干旱、酷暑、饥荒、飓风,无不是对自然盲目掠夺所招来的报应,《未来水世界》里的人类则是被自己排放出的温室气体逼进了大海的怀抱,而在一度大热的电影《雪国列车》的背景里,将地球变成冰天雪地的索性就是因为惧怕“全球变暖”而乱洒制冷剂的人类自己。
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