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库布其:沙漠变绿生态富民

2017-08-08 18:41:47   国际在线

这一冒险的想法,一提出便遭到了同事们的一致反对。现任亿利集团库布其生态事业部首席科学家的韩美飞便是其中之一。作为王文彪的高中同学,韩美飞自1995年起跟随王文彪一同打拼至今。在他看来,如果不是当初王文彪执意坚持那近乎“异想天开”的想法,恐怕就不会有今日库布其大地上的翻天覆地。“当时我们都认为,这条路修不成,因为库布其的流动沙丘占整个沙漠的总面积一半以上,当时每年都要刮几十次的沙尘暴。即便把路修通了肯定也被沙给埋了。而且要在沙漠里修路,路两边肯定还得种树做绿化,光凭当时那种技术和条件,在沙漠里种树的存活率相当低。”韩美飞对记者回忆道。

尽管如此,在1997年的夏天,在杭锦旗政府和亿利集团多方筹措下,库布其穿沙公路还是动工了。1000多人的筑路大军,在13万杭锦旗父老乡亲“小米加步枪”式的支援下,昂首挺进沙漠。两年半后,这段历经艰辛所修筑的65公里穿沙公路建成通车,“死亡之海”被执着的王文彪打开了一个突破口。

时至今日,5条全长343公里的穿沙公路已将库布其沙漠与外界彻底连通。韩美飞告诉记者,这些年,他们逐步建立起了一个“南围、北堵、中切”的立体治沙网络,整个库布其沙漠的绿装也就此铺开。所谓南围,是将库布其沙漠的南缘围封起来,使植被恢复生长,提高植被覆盖率,阻挡沙丘蔓延。北堵,是在沙漠边缘,黄河两岸建立起240多公里的防沙锁边林带,降低风速、减少沙尘,防风固沙,阻碍流沙进入黄河之中。而中切是指在库布其沙漠中修建穿沙公路,路修到哪里,绿化就跟到哪里,从而实现以路划区,分而治之。

绿化造林,点亮“希望家园”

路修好了,更重要的是绿化护路。种树能固沙,这个道理大家都懂。但是种什么树好?怎么种才能提高存活率?现实中并没有现成的完美答案。全靠大家在实践中一点一滴地摸索与实践。

韩美飞告诉记者,面对库布其沙漠的疯狂流沙,亿利人在修路过程中,总结出“锁住四周,渗透腹部,以路划区,分块治理”的治沙方针,用秸秆、沙柳扎成网格沙障,固定流沙,保护路基,然后在网格中种上沙柳或沙蒿。这些年,历经多次失败,亿利人最终摸索出了以沙柳、甘草等灌木半灌木为主,胡杨、沙地柏等乔木和花棒、杨柴等牧草为辅的立体绿化模式,在公路两侧形成了3到5公里宽的绿色长廊,有效保护了沙漠公路。

聊起种植技术的演变,韩美飞如数家珍。毕竟,在库布其,有太多像他一样的当地人,一辈子日思夜想的都是如何把树种活。“起初,打好网格,我们会通过挖坑来种沙柳,但沙子太松,成活率很难提高。后来无意中发现,用废旧的酒瓶子装满水,把树苗插酒瓶子里再栽到沙中,很多树苗倒顽强地活了下来。原来,通过瓶子里的水,树苗会长出分枝然后吸收到地下水。”

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