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开前门堵后门 中央重拳整改地方债

2017-08-08 14:39:34   中国经济网

1994年分税制度的改革,客观上加强了中央政府的财力;另一方面,地方政府要承担大量的公共事务支出,可用财力不足。在新《预算法》2014年出台之前,政府只能变相举债,地方融资平台涌现。

彼时地方债务高度依赖土地财政和银行资金,三者作为中国经济的三大“灰犀牛”,相互交织,蕴藏着巨大的风险。

面对地方债务不断增加,2014年8月人大决议通过了新《预算法》,2014年10月政府出台《国务院关于加强地方政府性债务管理的意见》(43号文)。

新《预算法》规定,经国务院批准的省、自治区、直辖市预算中必需的建设投资的部分资金,可以在国务院确定的限额内,通过发行地方政府债券以举借债务的方式筹措。

43号文则规定,除发行地方政府债券外,地方政府不得以任何方式举借债务,也不得为任何单位和个人的债务提供担保。

两项政策出台,将地方政府举债权牢牢控制在了笼子里。随后几年的地方政府债务虽有所增加,但增速明显放缓。

除此之外,中央政府还推行置换债券,把原来地方政府的短期、高息债务置换成中长期、低成本的地方政府债券,使地方政府负担得以减轻。

中国财政科学院院长刘尚希告诉时代周报记者,随着政策的推行,目前擅自发债的情况已经改善,债务管理也在加强。这几年债务虽在增长,但只要是在限额内,那么就是正常的,代表地方债务在可控的范围内。

承压隐性地方债

“现在很多地方政府不按照相关文件规范操作,在投入PPP项目,公共服务的购买和行业的担保方面会形成隐性债务。”王雍君在接受时代周报记者采访时表示,这些债务是在限额之外,债务管理管不到它,里面隐含着很大风险。而这也是中央近来“开前门堵后门”的重要背景。

随着43号文的推出,一些地方政府又另觅他径,利用PPP、政府产业基金、政府购买服务等形式让地方债这只“灰犀牛”继续生长。

当初为实现支持经济增长、转变基础设施和公共服务项目融资方式乃至建立现代财政制度等多重目标,财政部力推PPP。虽然要求每一年度全部PPP项目从预算中安排的支出占一般公共预算支出比例需不超过10%,但现实中仍有些PPP项目通过多种方式超出这个规定,加剧了地方债务风险。

作为政府和社会资本合作,公共基础设施中的一种项目运作模式,PPP在一些地方变成政府的融资工具,隐性举债问题愈发严重,丧失了其原有功能。

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