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腐败大案频发 巴西究竟怎么了
2017-08-08 09:57:04 中国青年网
2014年1月,巴西还出台了新的反腐败法,规定了更严厉的处罚措施,扩大了受惩罚人员的范围,若企业行贿,受处罚的不仅仅是企业的法人代表,还包括总经理和涉案的其他人;扩展了处罚范围,除了在本国实施的行贿行为外,还包括在国外实施的犯罪行为;提高了罚金数额,最高可达企业年收入的20%。
不如意
腐败文化深植国家机体。反腐机构之间缺乏合作
巴西政府惩治腐败决心如此之大、相关法律也比较完善、查处力度如此之强,为何其腐败之风依旧长刮不停?季美君认为,这是因为巴西曾经是一个严重制度性腐败和腐败文化深入机体的国家。在巴西,民众普遍认同腐败只是道德问题,一个人只要做事了,那腐败就是可以被原谅的。比如,20世纪五六十年代时的圣保罗州州长巴罗斯,就曾以“他偷窃了,但是他做事!”作为竞选口号而赢得选民的支持,虽然人们都知道他是一个贪得无厌的官员。
具体而言,导致巴西腐败问题层出不穷,主要是两大因素。
一是反腐机构之间缺乏有效合作。巴西反腐各大机构均有调查权,只是互相之间的管辖权限并不分明,在司法实践中难免会出现重复调查或冲突现象,从而降低了反腐败的力度与效果。比如,联邦检察官的高度独立性让其可以自行决定优先调查哪些腐败案件,且不受检察长的控制干预,但这么一来,检察官们的调查就缺乏统一目标,而且他们的调查与联邦警察的调查范围界限不明、信息不共享,互相之间缺乏制度性的协调配合。国会调查委员会的成立具有临时性和政治性,对高级官员的调查取决于多数议员的意愿与选择。联邦审计法院虽拥有事前监督、事后调查与惩罚的职权,但其最终的处罚结果就是将滥用的资金收归国库,而实际上真正能归还的仅占2%至3%左右。因反腐机构之间的职责重叠而缺乏协调凝成合力,对腐败分子的打击和震慑效应就难如人意了。
二是反腐立法缺乏严厉的惩罚措施,执行力不足。多年来,巴西媒体对腐败的曝光度虽然不断增强,但缺乏严厉的惩罚措施。巴西对违纪违法的公务员的处分有警告、停职、终止职务或免职等几种,公务员因腐败犯罪,如滥用公款、收受贿赂等,最为严重的处罚也就是免职而已。因此,尽管巴西的反腐败立法,从表面上看已相当完善,对政府官员的从政行为作出了非常全面详细的规定,但却缺乏没收财产这一重要内容,而且议员们还享有刑事豁免权,一般犯罪不受指控和逮捕。官员们即便因腐败问题被调查被媒体曝光,最大的惩罚也就是免除公职,而其贪污的巨款、收受的贿赂却基本无人追究。腐败的风险与利益的诱惑之间存在巨大反差,这往往使官员们铤而走险。
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