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从腐败诱因中寻找治腐良方

2017-08-08 08:53:40   中国青年网

直至今日,非洲仍被公认为是世界上最腐败的地区之一。“2016年全球清廉指数”显示,多数非洲国家未能进入排名前100,其中位于非洲大陆最东部的索马里排名更是倒数第一,被认为是世界上最腐败的国家。非洲腐败问题十分突出,以权谋私、收受贿赂、侵占挪用等腐败行为无处不在,对非洲的经济发展和社会稳定造成了较大影响。

诚然,非洲各国腐败滋生的原因、性质、程度和后果不尽相同,但也有共性的诱因,以下五点值得重视。

一是人性的贪婪。贪婪给人们带来对金钱、权力原始的欲望,个人的贪欲催使许多非洲公职人员肆无忌惮地盗用国库资金、搜刮民脂、捞取油水,这些腐败行为有的甚至导致国家基础建设停滞不前、政府民生投入捉襟见肘。二是“兄弟会”等帮会组织的影响。人们加入“兄弟会”的原因多种多样,如为了赢取声望、获得帮助或者掌握权力等。这种带有秘密结社性质的组织是导致非洲腐败问题的重要原因之一。如在尼日利亚,如果你不是任何一个强有力的“兄弟会”的成员,那么,不管你参加的是哪一层级的选举,获胜的几率都是极其渺茫的。三是道德敏感度的降低。非洲国家不少民众对与己无关的腐败麻木不仁,只要自己的利益未受影响,对于公共事务就漠不关心,看到腐败也会保持沉默,而且如果能从腐败中获益,甚至会积极支持腐败。四是价值观的错误导向。如在一些非洲国家,腐败已经成为一种生活方式,那些能利用权力挪用公款、谋取私利、偷税漏税的人,往往被民众视为聪明人或者厉害人物。五是权力运行缺乏透明度。透明度意味着公开、沟通和问责。在许多非洲国家,政府机构权力运行难言有公开透明,这无疑为权力寻租、贪污受贿等腐败现象的滋生提供了机会。

当前,反腐败已成为非洲各国政府施政的重点之一。2003年7月11日通过的《非洲联盟预防和惩治腐败公约》在“前言”中指出,“有必要在非洲大陆解决腐败产生的根源,并进行适当的立法和采取充分的预防措施”。近年来,不少非洲国家政府在反腐败领域都有大动作。如作为非洲第一大经济体的尼日利亚,总统布哈里2015年一上台,就在该国掀起了一股肃贪旋风,甚至对法官队伍“开刀”,包括最高法院两名法官在内的多名涉腐法官在2016年10月尼日利亚执法部门开展的一系列突击搜查行动中落马,这些法官涉嫌收受贿赂、在审判过程中故意偏袒一方。又如,卢旺达总统卡加梅2000年就职以来,就对腐败实行“零容忍”政策,推动出台了《2020年远景规划》,把反腐败提高到国家治理的最高层面,而且组建了强有力的反腐败专门机构,出台严厉的反腐败立法《第23/2003号法》,取得了有目共睹的成效,该国反腐败成绩受到国内外的高度评价。再如,一度比较腐败的博茨瓦纳,在20世纪90年代一连串牵涉高层权力人物的轰动性丑闻出现不久,就通过了《1994年反腐败和经济犯罪法》,并成立了反腐败专门机构——反腐败和经济犯罪理事会,目前在反腐败方面已走在了非洲国家的前列,被称为非洲“最干净的国家之一”。

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