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“高超音速武器”让反导系统变“睁眼瞎”

2017-08-05 16:07:07   中国青年网

“高超音速”到底有多快?

人类自从有战争以来,便在不断追求“速度”。冷兵器时代,步兵徒步冲击最快每秒不过数米,骑兵可达每秒十米以上。进入机械化时代,最快的舰艇每秒能行驶十多米,坦克、装甲车每秒可冲击二十米。

飞机的速度把它们远远比下去了。“二战”前期的战斗机秒速已达二百米左右。从“二战”末期开始,亚音速、超音速的喷气式战斗机与导弹出现。喷气式战斗机和巡航导弹的最快速度达到2倍音速以上,即每秒超过七百米。枪弹和炮弹的出膛速度可达每秒千米左右,不过很快会因为空气中的摩擦阻力而衰减。

而目前尚未完全研发成功的高超音速武器,从速度上又把它们都比下去了。所谓“高超音速”,就是不但超音速,而且超的倍数很高。按照美国军方界定,“高超音速”至少要超过5倍音速,也就是每秒1700米,每小时达到6000公里以上的惊人速度。5倍音速还只是高超音速的“最低消费”。目前各国追求的目标,是10倍音速乃至20倍音速。

例如此次美澳联合研发的高超音速巡航导弹,计划时速就是10倍音速。咱们就以10倍音速为例,只需要5分钟即可以从北京飞抵上海,从东京到纽约也要不了1个小时,两个小时则可以到达地球上的任何一个地方。

目前设想中的高超音速武器,包括高超音速导弹、高超音速飞机、高超音速航天飞机等。

要想飞得快,冲压喷气发动机最实在

飞机或导弹想要飞得快,首要决定性因素就是动力。螺旋桨使飞机得以离开地面,喷气式发动机使飞机突破了音速,而要达到“高超音速”的级别,则需要冲压喷气发动机。它被誉为世界航空史上第三次大革命。

冲压喷气发动机,简单说便是把飞行中产生的迎面气流“吞”入发动机,利用这高速的气流冲击,使得发动机内的空气压力剧增。这样压缩后的空气进入燃烧室,与燃料混合燃烧,生成的高温燃气在喷管中膨胀,再以更大的速度朝后面加速排出,从而产生推力。这样,飞行器本身飞得越快,迎面来的气体越猛烈,产生的后向推力也越大。

显然,这使得飞机的速度进入了一个“正反馈”。传统飞机飞得越快,迎面而来的空气阻力越大。而这种新式发动机则能够把迎面而来的空气阻力,转化为发动机的更大推力。不过,冲压喷气发动机必须在产生一定初速度之后,才能生效。因此,如果飞机低速飞行,那么冲压喷气发动机根本就没什么效果。

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