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这个问题困惑科学家两百年了:自行车骑行为何不倒

2017-08-04 23:04:16   国际在线

可能性之四:多重效应综合作用

陀螺效应、脚轮效应和自行车前部重心位置这3点,虽然不会各自对平衡力起决定性作用,但可能三者有一股微妙的交互关联,影响自行车的平衡力。

2011年,《科学》杂志刊登了一篇名为《一辆自行车可以不借助陀螺或脚轮效应而保持平衡》的论文,文中荷兰达尔福特大学的研究者们否定了维持自行车稳定的陀螺效应和脚轮效应。

他们设计了一辆没有陀螺或脚轮效应的自行车。这辆车包含了车身、前叉和前后轮等自行车必备的元素,但其结构极其简单。车身和前叉简化成各自带有集中质量的直杆,前叉转轴接近垂直,前后车轮很小,且利用反向旋转的副车轮彻底消除了陀螺效应,同时,前轮的触地点比驾驶轴略微提前了一点,使得轮脚作用几乎为负。

在荷兰达尔福特大学的停车场和篮球馆,研究者们以每小时8千米的速度把这辆小车向外推了出去,它自己行驶了相当长的距离,如同任何一辆传统自行车一样,它能够平衡自己。研究者甚至还在自行车自我行驶过程中略微推了它一下,很快这辆小车又自己调整到直线轨道。参与研究者瑞纳说:“没人知道这是为什么。”该大学的另一名科学家阿诺德·舒瓦特说:“这辆自行车证明,自我平衡还无法用任何简单的词来解释。”

除了否定陀螺和脚轮效应的关键性之外,他们的实验还显示,自行车重量分布可能对平衡起到很大的作用,特别是自行车前部重量中心的位置,可能极大影响了自行车稳定性。

虽然科学家依然没有得出自行车稳定性的确切解释,但是至少他们得到了一些启发——陀螺效应、脚轮效应和自行车前部重心位置这3点,虽然不会各自对平衡力起决定性作用,但可能三者有一股微妙的交互关联,影响自行车的平衡力。

那么,两个轮子一个架子,构造这么简单的自行车为什么弄清其稳定性的问题这么难呢?一些研究人员认为,要想理解自行车为什么不倒,不只是要考虑力学问题,也许还要考虑脑科学。人类能用很复杂但却很直观的方式使得自行车保持稳定,例如在非常低的速度下,我们很容易就意识到,扭转车把没多大用处,相反我们会通过膝盖运动来操控自行车。但是人们为什么会这么做,没人知道。也许自行车的谜团将会继续困扰我们。

原标题:这个问题困惑科学家两百年了:自行车骑行为何不倒

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