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这个问题困惑科学家两百年了:自行车骑行为何不倒

2017-08-04 23:04:16   国际在线

可能性之二:离心力效应

自行车往一侧倾斜时,骑车人就会将前轮转向同一侧,由于前轮转了一个角度,自行车就会沿着倾斜侧的圆周行进,这时离心力向圆周外,就会将自行车扶正。

1948年,美国力学家铁木辛科和杨在他们所著的《高等动力学》一书中,对自行车稳定性问题作出了离心力效应的解释。他们认为,当自行车往一侧倾斜时,骑车人就会将前轮转向同一侧,由于前轮转了一个角度,自行车就会沿着倾斜侧的圆周行进,这时离心力向圆周外,就会将自行车扶正。

对此,武际可指出:“由这个解释,可以得出结论,自行车的速度越快,所产生的离心力便越大。所以自行车行进的速度越快自行车便越容易控制。”

余永亮也表示,普通自行车具有自稳定的特性,通常讲,稳定性与速度快慢是有关系的。通常速度越大,惯性也越大,稳定性也越好,所以在速度较高的时候,骑车熟练的人可以不用双手控制车把。

可能性之三:脚轮效应

脚轮效应能使前轮的支承力产生对前叉转轴的力矩,推动前叉朝倾斜方向转动,使离心力效应的稳定作用自动实现。

1970年4月,英国化学家、科普作家大卫·琼斯在《今日物理》上发文质疑陀螺效应,他给自行车增加了一个与前轮并列反向旋转的副车轮,以消除陀螺力矩。实验结果证实,改装车的行驶稳定性与一般自行车无异,从而否定了陀螺效应观点。

上海交通大学刘延柱教授发表在《力学与实践》上的《自稳定的无人自行车》一文中写道:“琼斯的实验还证明,前叉转轴与地面的交点位于前轮触地点的前方,是影响自行车稳定性的重要因素,称为‘脚轮效应’。脚轮效应能使前轮的支承力产生对前叉转轴的力矩,推动前叉朝倾斜方向转动,使离心力效应的稳定作用自动实现。”

琼斯计算了前叉点与自行车的倾斜角和前轮偏转角的关系,他称之为“驾驶几何”。武际可指出:“当行驶的自行车有一个倾斜角时,自行车的前轮由于有‘前轮尾迹’的缘故,会自动向倾斜的一侧产生一个偏转角,由于有这个偏转角,自行车靠转弯的离心力便会扶正。因此即使没有人驾驶,在一定的速度之下,直行的自行车,运动也是稳定的。”

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