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本科教育阶段设立淘汰制 中国高校有需求

2017-08-04 12:32:20   央广网

在我国,高考被视作人生第一大考。学生在高考中取得了优异成绩就会被贴上“成功”的标签。学生一旦进入名牌大学,也就被家长、家族寄予厚望。但是,由于高中阶段学习的应试训练现象非常普遍,学生的学习时间、学习内容、学习方式、考试内容都是被精细安排的。这导致他们的学习模式缺乏主体性、主动性,并且在长期的高压应试训练中失去了学习兴趣和学习目标。

进入大学之后,整个学习模式跟高中发生了翻天覆地的变化。首先,整个高中阶段同一时间内只需要同时应对的课程数量比较少。进入大学以后,一年级、二年级往往需要同时学习10-14门课程,其中部分理工科核心课程的学习难度非常大。其次,高中阶段学习和训练内容具有很强的确定性,而大学课程的学习模式、学习内容和评价标准都是多元化的,学生在课程选择、学习时间安排等方面具有很大的自主性。第三,高中阶段整个班级都处在一种目标完全一致的高强度应试氛围之中,而大学里的班级是一个较为松散的组织,不同学生在学习目标、学习方式等方面存在比较大的差异性。

高中和大学的学习实际上是一种“两重天”的学习模式。有时候,在高中阶段能够在应试训练上取得很好表现的学生,进入名牌大学后如果缺乏自主和自律,不懂得如何探究和合作,第一年的学习和生活就会尝到苦果。在很多重点大学,理工科核心课程的不及格率达到20%-50%,累计若干门课程不及格之后就要被迫降级学习。不及格学分数累计在高位徘徊达到一定时间限定就会被通知退学。这实际上反映了大学对不合格学生进行淘汰的内在需求。不少知名高校的理工科专业都汇集了一批五年级、六年级生,这些学生往往坚持到最后,也拿不到学历、学位证书。

华中科技大学“本降专”的做法,实际上就是开辟了一个新的“出口”,给了淘汰生一条新的“出路”。

本科教育的淘汰制度该如何设计?

实际上,我国的高水平大学并不缺少学生淘汰的制度设计。但是在大学本科教育中严格执行淘汰制度为什么那么难? 为什么原本不达标就理所当然应该淘汰的政策会受到来自各方压力的干扰和影响?

首先,学生一旦被淘汰,重新起步的成本太高,整个社会还没有给淘汰生建立起一种包容性的制度和环境。学生一旦被淘汰,再次进入高等教育系统学习的成本非常高,往往都必须付出重读高三、再次高考的高昂成本。

其次,当学生和家长面临被“淘汰”的时候,会感到一种巨大的落差。一旦淘汰真的落到学生头上,就会出现各种求情、闹剧、“放水”。不少家长找到学校就愤怒的质问一句话:“高考成绩那么优异的孩子交到你们手里才一年(两年),怎么就变成了这个样子?”从大学教务管理和学生管理部门的角度来说,他们普遍认为在严苛应试训练下成长出来的孩子,缺乏自主、自律,客观上大学教育也不可能按照“高中化”的模式来对学生进行培养,所以相当一部分孩子在大学出现学业滑坡是“注定”的事情。严格执行标准的教师则会被冠以“关公”的恶名,学生在今后的选课中就不再选他们。个别教师还会遭到学生和家长的无理攻击。此外,也有不少学生在这种巨大落差之下产生心理问题,大学出于维持安全、稳定的考虑也不得不给学生“放水”。

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