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员工为蹭空调“自愿”加班 盘点国家如何界定员工加班时间

2017-07-24 14:46:01   央广网

根据俄罗斯劳动法,对最初两个小时的加班工作应付给高于原工资1.5倍的工资;对此后的几个小时应支付高于两倍的工资。不得通过补假对加班进行补偿。对于节假日的加班费,俄罗斯实行的是一律两倍的标准。无论是计件工还是小时工、或者按天工作的临时工。对于领取月薪的职工如果节日的工作是在月标准工时的范围内进行的,按照超过工资等级一小时或一日的工资定额付给报酬;如果节日的工作超过了月工时标准,则应按高于两个小时或两天的工资定额付给报酬。同时根据节日加班职工的愿望可为他们安排补假。

2017年6月14日,俄罗斯总统普京亲自签署了关于加班补偿的劳动法修正案,进一步维护落实了怀孕员工和子女小于14岁的女性员工加班的收益和权益。尽管一连串的法律制度看上去很美,但一些独具俄罗斯管理文化特色的地区却是例外。在俄罗斯很多产业结构极其单一的偏远城市,少数个别企业就是整个地区经济的核心,在这样的企业文化内,官僚主义色彩浓厚。但若对工资满意,俄罗斯人可以妥协,一项匿名调查显示,高达40%的人表示可以忍受长期加班。

最后看邻国日本。被公认为“工作狂”的日本人对加班的态度是日本几乎每一个人都加班。在日本,地铁晚上9、10点钟是最拥挤的时候。

日本观察员黄学清表示,日本特有的社会环境造成很多日本人自愿加班。在日本工作加班是司空见惯的,日本劳动基准法规定的工作时间是一天八小时以内,一周四十小时以内,如果超过这个时间要另外签订协约提交给劳动基准监督署,雇主必须支付加班费,否则被视为违法行为,有罚款和判刑的惩罚。长时间的无报酬加班是过劳死、过劳自杀、忧郁症等精神疾病发生的原因之一。所以如果明知有无报酬的加班现象而放任不管的雇主,可能会被追究刑事责任,甚至被判欺诈罪。

大型企业管理加班还是非常严格的,每周都有无加班日。如果工作实在做不完,要提出特别申请,由部门领导批准,工作人员还会到办公室巡视加班的情况。但是即使这样,在日本还是有一些剥削员工的现象,比如有的企业内部规定一周加班不得超过30小时,但是员工在时间内完不成工作的,为了不违反规定加班时间只申报30小时,超过部分只能是义务加班。作为员工在签订合同以及执行企业规定的时候尽管知道不公平,但是如果报告到劳动监督署就算之后获得赔偿,自己在企业里面也很难立足,可能就会失去工作。所以在没有新的出路以前,很多人选择忍气吞声。

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