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冰激凌店里圣诞打扮的女服务员,赵冠岚供图
行走在哈瓦那,你既可以选择花几美元在老城区家庭作坊式咖啡厅来个面包夹煎蛋,再来杯鲜榨番石榴汁,也可以预定Miramar富人区高档酒店的烛光晚餐,就个人消费而言,在这两个地方用餐消费差价可达30倍之多;如今,餐厅老板们仍面临一些实际困难,比如个人还不能向银行申请贷款,无法顺利从正规批发市场进购原材料等,也经常会听见有人抱怨说,店面越来越多,竞争异常激烈。不过越来越好的政策和大量涌入的游客,依然可以让人看到大大的希望。
古巴街头的小吃摊,赵冠岚供图
餐饮业的改革离不开古巴旅游业的蓬勃发展,据拉美通讯社2016年7月7日哈瓦那报道,古巴旅游部部长曼努埃尔•马雷罗在第八届全国人大七次会议的公共服务委员会会议上透露,当年上半年赴古旅游人数达214.76万人次,比2015年同期增长11.7%。面对游客数的大幅上涨,马雷罗指出,目前古巴旅游业的一项重点任务就是要提升食宿接待能力。为此,亟需尽快落实从国家到个体层面新开发16000间客房及700家餐馆的提案。
在景区揽客的古巴船夫,曾锴供图。
司机赫尔曼,毕业于哈瓦那大学经济系,曾是政府机关的公务员,12年9月向领导提交了辞呈,下海承包起私营出租车(Máquina)。辞职前,因为工作表现突出,领导一再挽留,然而他还是义无返顾,“家有父母,现在还谈了一个女朋友,要是将来有了孩子,处处都是开销,不得不想点办法。”就这样,他从黑市淘来各种零件,把父亲那辆五十年代的红色雪佛兰老爷车改造翻新——发动机是三菱的,喷油嘴是标致的,刹车片是通用的......拼凑达标,上街揽客。与公立租车行不同,哈瓦那市区大概有三四十条这样的私营线路,根据路程远近,乘客可以自由选站,招手拼车,服务类似国内的小巴,人均单程价格在0.25CUC-1CUC(1.5元——6元人民币)之间。“现在我每天大概工作十个小时,除去成本,一天可以净赚50CUC(300元人民币)左右,周末则会更多,一天的收入就是以前一个月的两倍!虽然辛苦,但感觉充实”。赫尔曼非常满足,而且还每天温习英语,因为他漂亮的老爷车有时候还会接待外国游客,小费更高。(注:古巴实行货币双轨制,土比索CUP用于国内流通,而红比索CUC相当于外汇券,可兑换国际国币。)
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