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我眼中的古巴(上)——经济改革带来的生活巨变

2017-06-16 10:18:43   国际在线

古巴房屋和停在房前的老爷车。来源:东方IC

2010年3月起,近百名专家对古巴住房问题及政策展开问卷调查,就住房所有制、城市用地、住房生产与分配、住房融资与补贴等方面的重要问题展开全民讨论,10月,《古巴社会经济纲要草案》公布,提出增加住房买卖和转让的灵活性,促进非国有住房建设及无补贴建材销售。2011年,古共六大颁布《党和革命的经济与社会政策纲要》,其中292-299条款详细明确了解决住房问题的政策纲要。大体思路为先维护,后建设,先城市,后农村,先增产,再分配,非国有,重建材,活市场,增补贴。自此,政府正式放开居民个人住房买卖禁令,并颁布了多项促进古巴住房建设和分配的细则。2011年12月,政府决定向个人提供8万古巴比索建房补贴;2013年6月,古巴部长会议委员会通过7387号决议,为每户改建房屋新增5000古巴土比索的运输补贴;国有不动产承租人、棚户居民、维修建设25平米住房单位或试图解决管道破损问题的居民也可申请资助,此外,还允许居民在外汇商店购买建材产品;2017年5月11日,《古巴房产法修订案》开始施行,新政策将使受损房屋及自建民居获得政府补贴,包括向自然人提供补贴、国有在建不动产项目转由私人续建完工和受灾房屋产权认定及永久化、合法化等内容,此外还涉及国有及政府补贴建造房屋产权转让以及房屋捐赠或买卖衍生的计税问题。

一系列新政,瞬间调动了无数民众的积极性,他们爆发出强大的热情,自己动手,兴建家园。较低的起点,未来10年极大的需求,使得近年来古巴房产交易量稳步增长,古美关系正常化以后,大量涌入的游客及资本更是催生古巴本地房地产市场如雨后春笋般迅猛发展。

私营经济逐步开放,餐饮、旅游发展可喜

2010年,古巴改革新政公布第一个月,发放的首批个体营业执照中,就有将近四分之一涉及餐饮业。上世纪90年代,法律还规定,私人开设的饭店不能超过6张餐桌,服务员不能超过五名。自政府为私营经济“松绑”以来,餐饮业呈现的繁荣景象简直让人耳目一新。如今,哈瓦那街头各种各样的时髦快餐店、豪华咖啡馆、高档西餐厅不断增加,相较于过去数目有限的几家国营餐厅,产品种类和服务态度简直是天壤之别——身材火辣,热情奔放的服务员;笑容可掬,技艺精湛的大厨;加勒比传统美食、中餐、瑞典菜,俄罗斯菜,法国菜,意大利菜、日韩料理,花样繁多,令人叹为观止。

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