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葛红亮:实现南部和平,杜特尔特不应只有武力

2017-05-27 08:20:24   国际在线

尽管如此,这并不意味着菲律宾南部分离思想与势力的消亡,而与取得“自治”观点截然不同的极端保守思想却始终有一大批忠实的信众,他们则依旧追寻建立一个独立的“伊斯兰国家”。在这一背景下,南部分离组织不仅没有得到根本消除,而且有了新的延续。“马巫德”集团和阿布沙耶夫武装集团的“娘胎”正是“摩洛伊斯兰解放阵线”。至此,“马巫德”集团成为菲律宾南部最凸显的反政府恐怖组织,也俗称“毛特”。与阿布沙耶夫组织相似,马巫德不仅观点极端、激进,多次在菲律宾南部及附近海域发动恐怖袭击或绑架,例如马巫德组织就涉嫌专门袭击杜特尔特的总统车队,而且均与国际恐怖组织有着特殊的联系。资料显示,马巫德、阿布沙耶夫与东南亚另一恐怖组织“伊斯兰祈祷团”来往密切,且共同对“伊斯兰国”(ISIS)效忠,并因此打出了“伊斯兰国棉兰老省”的旗号,来实施诸如今次马拉维恐怖活动。

  菲律宾南部安全问题须“标本兼治”

菲律宾南部分离势力与反政府恐怖组织的发展历程已经表明,武力并非实现菲律宾南部和平的最佳手段。“摩洛民族解放阵线”与“摩洛伊斯兰解放阵线”虽然与政府方面签署了和平协议,实现了“自治”的目标,但“马巫德”和阿布沙耶夫武装集团的建立、兴起与壮大已经给菲律宾南部和平与发展带来了巨大挑战,而菲律宾政府也因此面临巨大压力。杜特尔特政府也不例外。

作为一名来自菲律宾南部的总统,杜特尔特一方面深知恐怖主义、分离主义的危害;另一方面却也曾是强力治理菲律宾南部达沃市的铁腕市长。因而,在其上任之初,他就将南部和平的实现视为一项要务,宣称要和这些极端组织展开谈判,以期实现南部地区的和平与发展。然而,与治理达沃市时面临的禁毒等问题相比,杜特尔特作为总统在菲律宾南部面临的却是不同类型的对手。特别是在“伊斯兰国”极端势力渗透至东南亚地区以后,马巫德和阿布沙耶夫恐怖组织声势更胜以往,国际恐怖主义与菲律宾南部极端分离势力的结合使杜特尔特政府面临的反恐局面更为严峻,而为实现南部和平与发展,杜特尔特不得不加大反恐力度,先后对“马巫德”集团发动过多次定点清剿行动。然而,杜特尔特政府采取的行动引发了马巫德、阿布沙耶夫武装极端的反抗和报复,菲律宾南部地区安全形势也就并未因杜特尔特的铁腕政策实现根本好转。

杜特尔特认为,戒严是解决菲律宾国内暴力问题的“应急措施”。无可置疑,杜特尔特也可通过发展菲律宾军警力量和强力打击政策来展现其铁腕治国的领袖形象。但是,除非能够彻底清除反政府恐怖组织,否则杜特尔特政府与马巫德、阿布沙耶夫的较量与烈度都可能持续增强。而这对缓解菲律宾南部安全形势也只能“治标不治本”。说到底,民族分离和反政府恐怖组织在根本上源于民族问题及它们之间的利益分配,而解决这些问题在深层次上则依靠经济的发展和社会的进步。与消除这些反政府恐怖组织相比,消除这些组织赖以生存的社会与民意土壤才有助于菲律宾南部安全问题得到“标本兼治”。

数十年的历史展现了恐怖主义困扰菲律宾南部和平进程的途图景,也一再表明“治标不治本”的武力解决路径并非最佳方式。对此,杜特尔特在实施“戒严”和进一步向马巫德、阿布沙耶夫施加压力的同时,应有更多的思考。(文/葛红亮 察哈尔学会研究员,供职于广西民族大学中国-东盟地区安全与反恐研究院)

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