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争鸣:批捕权改革是否会成真?

2017-05-13 08:03:38   

然并卵的是,千辛万苦弄出来的逮捕意见只是可有可无的,最终作出裁决的法院根本不理会中间插入的审查逮捕的过程。即使当初写的逮捕理由再充分,法院认为证据不足,照样判无罪,当初逮捕确定的罪名更是说改就改,即使同案人因理由不充分没有被逮捕,法院认为需要判刑,照样可以通知公安机关再次立案拉人。

即便是出庭支持公诉的检察官,也不会就批捕意见做出哪怕一丁点说明,顶多只是程序性的宣读被告人什么时候被刑事拘留,什么时候被逮捕。看不出检察院内部的公诉部门对批捕部门就案件审查的一个承继关系,同一单位的两个部门对同一案件进行两次审查,还是各干各的,简直就是重复劳动,只是公诉的劳动强度更大一点,包含了批捕审查的全部内容。

公诉人的注意力都放在公安机关搜集的证据上,虽说批捕也对证据进行了审查,但是那种审查的细致程度远达不到庭审举证、质证的要求。甚至可以说,没有逮捕审查完全不影响案件的公诉,批捕意见对于公诉而言鸡肋得很。

四、决定人身自由的权限应归法院

检察机关的基本职能是公诉,基本任务是代表国家追诉犯罪、将犯罪嫌疑人提交司法机关并举出证据证实犯罪。对于可能存在的犯罪行为,法律要求检察机关必须代表国家进行审查追究,而不是作为中立的第三方作出裁断。而当前的逮捕审批制度实质上就是检察机关对于公安机关是否正确羁押嫌疑人的裁断,这种职权本应该由居中裁判的法院实施。

从域外法治成熟国家的经验来看,凡是限制人身自由强制措施,大多数国家都实行司法令状制度,发布司法令状的主体几乎都是法官,由法官决定羁押还是释放。虽然其他国家的经验并不必然等于我们应该采纳,但是在我们没有更好的中国特色做法之前,最好还是要向国际标准看齐。

无论是从现代刑事司法职能定位的角度,还是从权力制衡、人权保障的角度考虑,我们的刑事诉讼改革应该体现一个整体的流程:公安机关负责侦破案件、缉拿嫌疑人,检察院负责审查证据、代表国家提起公诉,法院居中裁判、决定被告人的人身自由状态。

决定人身自由的权限,都应由法院统一行使,不仅是国际惯例,更是“未经法院判决不得确定任何人有罪”原则的体现。公安机关对于重大案件的犯罪嫌疑人,应当事前取得法院的授权,捉拿后直接羁押;对于临时归案的嫌疑人,在1-3天内,移送至法院,并说明需要羁押的理由,由法官判断是否需要在正式庭审前羁押,除了有脱逃危险或重新犯罪危险以外,一般都不收押,待法院作出宣判后再收监执行。

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