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改革韩国“财阀政治”是文在寅内政重点

2017-05-11 01:55:53   新京报

观察家

在大选期间,文在寅表示,若不改革财阀和大企业,就无法带来经济民主化和增长。限制财阀,预计将是文在寅政府内政的一个重点。

韩国中央选举管理委员会10日凌晨发布的计票数据显示,共同民主党候选人文在寅确认在第19届总统选举中获胜,当选新一任总统。

自由派文在寅当选总统,意味着持续了近十年的保守派李明博—朴槿惠执政终结。韩国自由派终于一雪前耻,重新执政。可以想象,韩国对内对外政策,未来都将改弦更张。

限制财阀,预计将是文在寅政府内政的一个重点。在崔顺实“干政”事件当中,财阀的身影再度出现。多个财阀向朴槿惠秘密贡献政治献金,这些极大地激怒了韩国民众,也间接帮助文在寅当选。

在大选期间,文在寅表示,若不改革财阀和大企业,就无法带来经济民主化和增长。他特别提出将改革重点集中在三星、现代汽车、SK和LG这四大集团,并对财阀的重大经济犯罪将采取“不宽容原则”。

此前,虽然不断有财阀领导犯罪,但多数是缓刑,最后还是会得到总统特赦。

2015年,朴槿惠对包括SK集团会长崔泰源等在内的10多名企业高管进行特赦。韩国法务部官员解释特赦崔泰源等企业高管时说,特赦“给了他们为这个国家经济做贡献的机会”,希望他们能“帮助提振经济”。

这种将经济贡献转变为法律保护,极大扭曲了韩国的政商关系。正是在这种保护下,韩国财阀实际上已经构成了一个特权阶层,独立于韩国普通民众之外。

文在寅表示,“对于财阀犯罪,将制定零容忍原则。不可执行缓刑,总统的赦免权也会受到限制”。从目前的韩国政治形势来看,对财阀犯罪采取严厉打击,是大势所趋,针对财阀犯罪的缓刑、特赦,预计未来都会出现一定程度改变。

另外,关于崔顺实“干政”事件中出现的政府强制募捐,文在寅表示“将制定《准税禁止法》让企业摆脱权力横行”,这也是有必要的。韩国财阀干政,其实一直以来都与政界人士要求财阀贡献政治献金相关,两者之间是相互利用关系。

除了针对财阀犯罪进行严厉打击外,制度上如何限制大企业,也是一个重点。

文在寅在大选中提出,导入集中投票制、多重代表诉讼制、工人推荐理事制,加强控股公司的子公司股份义务持有比率,限制子公司之间的资本出资。这些举措如能实现,将会限制财阀高层权力、提高小股东和工人权力,增加大企业财务透明度。

在上次大选,文在寅被民众视为性格温吞的“地瓜”,此次大选却变成“改革者”,喊出“国家大改造”的口号。文在寅本人这种变化的背后,是韩国民众对变革的巨大渴望,这也是文在寅对财阀体制进行改革的力量源泉。

韩国实现民主转型之后,历届政府都有尝试限制财阀的努力,但结果都不如意。把限制财阀作为自己的大选政纲重要组成部分,文在寅也不是第一个。几十年的财阀体制,想在短时间内做巨大改革,并不容易。

至于文在寅能否成功,要看多方面因素,包括其个人权力是否能够稳固、国会是否支持、财阀反对力度等,未来变数很大。

文在寅限制财阀的梦想前方,荆棘满布。而一旦成功,这会成为文在寅总统生涯的重要政绩,也将深刻改变韩国的政治、经济和社会文化。

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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