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茶究竟起源于何时?中国出土最早茶具为东汉烧造

2016-01-12 10:34:41   中国新闻网

明人张源将道总结为“造时精,藏时燥,泡时洁”的“精、燥、洁”三字经茶道。其《茶录》堪称深得茶道真谛的经验之谈,这是他长期饮用名茶碧螺春总结出来的茶艺心得,虽语言朴素,却不失为“放之四海而皆准”的艺茶准则。而杜浚(明清之际著名诗人,以嗜茶著称于世,撰有《变雅堂集》等)所谓“茶有四妙”,“湛、幽、灵、远”,却更多蕴含了他对空灵幽远境界的精神寄托,代表了明清文人对茶道的追求,这与日本茶道有某种相似之处。总体而言,明人艺茶,追求环境优雅,白石清泉,烹煮得法,善于观赏,将其视之为茶人茶道的精粹。清代的茶文化,在“君不可一日无茶”的清高宗乾隆时代达到了高潮,体现在《红楼梦》等小说中的茶艺,也达到了较高的水平。老舍先生的《茶馆》,仅以三幕就抒写近代三个不同时期的众生相和社会百态,从这个角度而言,茶馆某种意义上也是社会的缩影,故历代的茶馆也是社会学史家关注的对象。

“茶马贸易”在宋代始成制度

黄庭坚诗云“蜀茶总入诸蕃市,胡马常从万里来”,生动贴切地概括了我国历史上的茶马贸易。茶马贸易制度的历史,值得研究。首先面临的问题是:茶马贸易始于何时?

我国历史上的茶马贸易之始,向来有“定论”,即始于中唐以后。封演《封氏闻见记》卷六《饮茶》云:“回鹘入朝,大驱名马,市茶而归。”封演随心所欲的十二字小说家言,被欧阳修抄入《新唐书·陆羽传》,后又被宋末王应麟、马端临分别据以写入《玉海》(卷一八一)及《文献通考·征榷五》,遂不胫而走。封演之说历来被视为不刊之典,但细究其实,这无非是一种毫无史料根据的主观臆说。

安史之乱后,回鹘大驱名马入唐,确为史实,但唐政府支付的为绢帛而不是茶。安史之乱前后,唐茶还只是一种奢侈消费品,尚未普及到民间,绝无可能用相对而言较昂贵而又稀缺的茶去交换西马。唐代征收茶税,始于建中三年(782),但是作为权宜之计推行的;正常的开征十一税率茶税始于贞元九年(793)。文宗大和九年(835),王涯进行了一次不成功的榷茶试验,不到一年即告失败,也为自己招致了杀身之祸。直到宣宗大中六年(852),裴休立“税茶十二法”,才使得唐代茶法稍具规模。更重要的是:茶马贸易具有某种封建国家财政经济“计划体制”性质,作为由政府组织或主持的易货互市的经济模式,是以官方榷茶为必要前提的。而唐代没有史料可以证实茶为易马之物;相反,绢马贸易的史料却比比皆是。绢帛,是唐代实行两税制度征收的主要实物税,是唐政府支付西北少数民族之马的主要偿付物。唐代有一专有名词——“马价绢”。确切而言,唐代实行的是绢马贸易,而绝非茶马互市。

“安史之乱”后,大唐昔日水草丰美的牧马胜地陇右等沦失殆尽,吐蕃乘虚而入,“苑牧蓄马皆没”,“马政一蹶不振,国马唯银州河东是依”。安史之乱平息后,为了维护国防,须保持一支相当规模的骑兵,除了国内括马外,唐政府就只有向回纥、吐蕃等市马一策。绢马互市就在这样的历史条件下产生。“马价绢”对唐王朝是一项十分沉重的财政负担。但在任何唐代文献及出土资料中,迄今尚无可考见真实可信的茶、马互市数据。因此,所谓乾元以后唐与回纥始行茶马贸易,不过是封演心血来潮、向壁虚构的小说家言而已。即使仅从史料学而言,孤证是不足以采信的。正如陈寅恪先生早就指出过的治史原则:“通论吾国史料,大抵私家纂述易流于诬妄。”

责任编辑:柯旺 CN044
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