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茶究竟起源于何时?中国出土最早茶具为东汉烧造

2016-01-12 10:34:41   中国新闻网

即使到五代,甚至宋代中期,高昌回鹘以马换回的仍然主要只是钱和绢帛,殆无可疑。

明确记载马互市的史料似始见于李焘《续资治通鉴长编》卷二四:宋太宗太平兴国八年(983),“沿边岁运铜钱五千贯于灵州(今宁夏灵武西南)市马”,因路途遥远,运钱不便;又恐“戎人”得铜钱后熔铸成兵器,故应盐铁使王明之请,“自今以布帛、茶及他物市马,从之”。而茶马贸易真正形成制度则在宋真宗咸平元年(996),《长编》卷四三有载:应杨允恭之请,正式置估马司,主管市马,定河东、陕西、川陕诸路市马之处凡十九州军,皆置市马务,遣官主其事。又重申:“以布帛、茶、他物准其直”,岁市五千余匹。又在边境设招马之处,遣牙吏入蕃招募,给路券,至估马司定价。这是历史上最早出现的有比较完备机构、制度和具体规定的茶马贸易资料,作为一代典制的要素均已具备。不久后还产生了与唐代“马价绢”相对应的“马价茶”一词。这一“马价茶”,堪称茶马互市的标志物。其后,关于茶马贸易中茶作为主要交易物的史料屡见于载籍,《宋会要辑稿》等史籍中就有无数条详尽记载。现存散在《宋会要》各门中的茶马史料,至少有数十万言,加上明代的茶马资料,已有百余万字;笔者经多年整理、校证,即将在《茶书全集》中刊行。

茶马贸易的高潮在熙宁七年至元丰末年间(1074—1085),这是为了适应神宗开边拓地积极进取的军事需要。宋神宗命李杞、蒲宗闵相继入蜀主持榷茶、买马,在成都和秦州(今甘肃天水)分别置茶、马两司,榷茶买马。作为熙丰新法的措置之一,大张旗鼓在川陕展开,并作为赵宋王朝的不易之典延续至南宋之末。北宋买马年额约在15000至20000匹左右,最初易马茶用一驮(100斤)易一马,后比价不断上升,至南宋数十驮茶尚换不到一匹善马。最多时每年用博马茶逾1000万斤,约为蜀茶产量的三分之一。通常以雅州名山、洋州等四色茶为主。北宋易马多在西北。南宋因西北易马之地丧失殆尽,市马之处以西南为主,多为不及格尺的驽马,难以上阵。战马不充,质劣数少,没有强大的骑兵军团,是宋军在宋辽、宋夏、宋金、宋蒙之战中屡战屡败的重要原因之一。宋臣多有激愤痛切之论,然马政弊坏,茶马之政也每况愈下。

茶马贸易作为一代成典,体现了宋政府以无用之物易有用之物的经济观念。宋代的茶马贸易也影响到明清两朝,尤其明代。湖南安化等地的茶砖等紧压茶创造于宋代,数百年来一直是畅销边茶的主要品种之一。当然,宋代茶马贸易也会伴随一些血泪代价,宋政府带有超经济垄断性的茶马贸易政策也必然会蒙上不平等交易的阴影。但茶马互市作为一种历史现象毕竟利大于弊,其长盛不衰,高潮迭起,达七百年之久,绝非偶然。其对促进汉族与少数民族间的交融及我国西北、西南缘边地区经济文化发展、进步,无疑有积极的影响。但与早已成为显学的陆上及海上“丝绸之路”研究形成鲜明对照的是:宋明茶马贸易的研究,尚未引起中外史学界的充分关注,仍是尚待“垦辟”的“处女地”。

(作者为北京大学历史文化研究所兼职教授;其新著《中国茶书全集校证》由中州古籍出版社出版。)

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