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茶究竟起源于何时?中国出土最早茶具为东汉烧造

2016-01-12 10:34:41   中国新闻网

目前,海内外学界关于茶的起源时间仍众说纷纭,分歧很大。有主张上古、西周、春秋说的,也有主张战国、秦汉、魏晋说的。究其原因,实乃主春秋以前说者,对史料进行了曲解、臆解。可以断言:先秦古籍中的“荼”字,均不是今之“茶”,九经无“茶”字,是完全可以成立的不易之论。文献资料和考古成果都显示,茶应起源于战国或秦汉之际。但这一问题的含混不清由来已久,关键在于搞清楚古代文献中“荼”字之形、音、义。最早对古文献中的“荼”字作出比较正确释读的是北宋末人王观国,他在学术名著《学林》卷四中考辨了“荼”字的五种义项,四种读音。只有最后一种别名“槚”的苦茶,才能与今之茶划上等号,但这乃始见于晋郭璞《尔雅注》。稍后,南宋人王楙也指出:“诗曰:‘谁谓荼苦,其甘如荠’者,乃苦菜之荼,如今苦苣之类;《周礼》‘掌荼’、《毛诗》‘有女如荼’者,乃苕荼之荼也,正萑苇之属;唯茶槚之荼乃今之茶也。”此与王观国之说如出一辙。

南宋著名学者魏了翁有《邛州先茶记》(刊《鹤山先生大全集》卷四八,《四部丛刊》本)一文,他说:虽然“传注例谓茶为‘茅莠’,为‘苦荼’”,而且苏轼早就有云:“周诗记苦荼,茗饮出近世”,“其义亦已著明”;但有人仍然把古之“茅莠”、“苦菜”之荼与茶饮之“茶”混为一谈,所以他感叹:“予虽言之,谁实信之?”这种由来已久的夹缠不清实在难以廓清辨明。清初学术大师顾炎武在《唐韵正》卷四、《日知录》卷七中,旁征博引,集古之大成,指出荼有苦菜之荼(又可借作“荼毒”之“荼”)、茅莠之荼、蔈荂之荼、委叶之荼、虎杖之荼、槚之苦荼等七种含义,又引经据典,不厌其烦地对荼字的形、音、义进行辨析。最后得出结论:“槚之苦茶,不见于《诗》《礼》”,“知自秦人取蜀,而后始有茗饮之事。”顾氏所谓“秦人取蜀”,当指秦惠王九年(公元前316年)司马错伐蜀,灭之。从西汉王褒《僮约》“武都买茶”、扬雄《方言》、司马相如《凡将篇》已出现茶字分析,蜀地当为茶的发源地之一。武都,即武阳(今四川彭山东),是我国最早的茶叶集散中心。这表明随着秦汉帝国的相继建立,原产于西南的茶也沿长江流域向东南拓展。武阳作为西汉著名的茶叶集市和流转中心,这一确凿史实已充分表明:作为茶原产地之一的蜀地,已有相当长时间的饮茶史了。因此笔者认为:茶的起源应始于距今约近2500年的战国时代。就其具体地点而言,学者又有云南、贵州、云贵高原或川西、鄂北等诸说;笔者以为:就其较大的地域范畴而论,似可概括为起源于我国西南地区。

总之,“荼”在古代文献中是一个多义字,读音也各不相同,有荈茗之含义的“荼”仅为其七项义符之一。从考古发现来看,上世纪以来出土的东汉茶具上已刻有“茶”字,晋、唐碑刻上亦多出现“茶”字。众所周知,专用茶具总比茶饮略晚些问世,据陶瓷史专家颇为一致的研究成果,我国已出土的茶具可确证最早为东汉时烧造,亦可为上述战国或秦汉茶起源说提供有力的佐证。

魏晋南北朝:茗饮与茶文化的孕育期

两汉的茶事资料见于文献者,仅寥寥数条。与此形成鲜明对照的是:魏晋南北朝史料中,茶事资料明显增多。这表明,茗饮作为一种生活方式和文化现象,已呈渐成气候并稳步发展。故唐宋时主张茶起源于魏晋说者颇有人在。

责任编辑:柯旺 CN044
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