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茶究竟起源于何时?中国出土最早茶具为东汉烧造

2016-01-12 10:34:41   中国新闻网

关于的起源问题,一直被蒙上神秘色彩。将茶道奉作“国粹”的日本认为茶乃佛祖释伽牟尼所“发明”,与此异曲同工的神农发明茶之说在我国广泛流传,迄今对此深信不疑者仍大有人在。正是这种虚妄的茶起源说使海内外的学者产生了困惑,也为多起源说起了推波助澜的负面作用。因此探索茶之为饮起源于何时何地,就成为茶史研究首先需要搞清楚的重要问题。

战国秦汉:茶之起源

神农发明茶之说,究竟由谁提出,今已难确考,但最先将此说形之于文字,并加以阐述者首推陆羽。他在《茶经·六之饮》中指出:“茶之为饮,发乎神农氏”,在同书《七之事》中又提出“三皇炎帝神农氏”为茶祖的观点,又引相传为神农所撰的《神农食经》云“茶茗久服,令人有力悦志”,以证其说。其实神农、三皇、炎帝皆是先秦至秦汉间言人人殊的人们“想象中的人物”。其发明农业、医药等传说,不过是人神合一的蒙昧时代的象征。陆羽提出神农发明茶之说后,即遭到唐宋时人的痛斥。如南宋著名思想家叶适在其读书笔记中明确指出,所谓神农发明农业、商业之说,实在不过是汉代易学家的伪造(《习学记言序目》卷四《周易四·系辞下》)。陆羽曾被誉为茶圣、茶祖、茶仙,《茶经》更被奉为茶学百科全书,但由于其所处时代的认知局限,留下不少经不起推敲的似是而实非之论,神农发明茶之说,即为典型一例。

不妨从文献学的角度考察一下神农发明茶之说的虚妄,这必然涉及茶学界另一个争论已久的问题,即“茶从药用进化到食用”,还是从食用进化到饮用?根据文献考证的结果,答案应以后者为妥。关于神农尝百草的传说,最初的记载中,神农这一举动只是为了解决果腹问题,然后教民耕种,发展栽培农业。这种传说,似始见于《淮南子·修务训》:“古者,民茹草饮水,采树木之食,食蠃蠬蚘之肉,时多疾病、毒伤之害。于是神农乃始教民播种五谷,相土地宜,燥湿肥墝高下。尝百草之滋味,水泉之甘苦,令民知所避就,当此之时,一日而遇七十毒。”类似记载还见于《新语·道基》,《佚周书》等也有相似的载述。但其中都未提到“茶”字,且茶也根本不会有解植物中毒和水毒之功能。《诗经》中保存了一张从西周到春秋时期人们食用各种食物的“菜单”,其中并无茶。迄今西南少数民族仍保留着食用腌茶的习俗,也许为古人食用茶的余风流韵。综合上述情形,比较合乎情理的结论似是:所谓尝百草,首先应是食用,在长期的食用过程中,发现某些草本或木本植物的药理功能及疗疾作用,才遴选出来作为中草药。茶的演变过程似乎应是从食用到饮用。虽然《本草》中有茶,但按现代审评标准,与其说茶有药用功能,不如说茶有某些保健作用更加切合实际些。

值得注意的是,《孔丛子·连丛子下》有记载称:“伏羲始尝草木可食者,一日而遇七十二毒,然后五谷乃形。”这里神农换成了伏羲,日遇七十毒也变成了七十二毒,但仍然没有茶。只能说明这类传说有多种版本,会在长久的口耳相传中变换其内容,力求其“可信”性而已,但这丝毫改变不了其虚妄性。

至于提到茶的《本草》,其经历代传承,由《唐本草》——《开宝本草》——《嘉祐本草》——《政和本草》一路发展完善,在距今约900年前终于有了里程碑式的定本。但从《神农本经》起至《政和本草》,均无神农日遇七十毒、得茶而解的片言只字。令人难以置信的是,这条记载竟出于清人孙壁文的伪造。当代茶学泰斗吴觉农先生在其遗著《茶经述评·前言》中论定:“茶树原产地是在我国的西南地区,而在战国以前的历史条件下,还不可能把西南地区的茶叶传播到中原地区。至于《茶经》说的春秋时代晏婴曾食用过茗已不能使人置信;则神农最先使用茶叶之说,就更难以成立了。”其说尚矣!

责任编辑:柯旺 CN044
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