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河北上访女教师重审获判无罪 被指多次敲诈

2015-09-26 15:57:23   中国新闻网

日前,河北遵化二中上访女教师陈文艳重审获判无罪。此前原审判决中,她被指多次向学校接访教师及稳控人员索要钱财1.69万元,犯敲诈勒索罪,获刑1年。(详见中国青年报9月25日报道《女教师上访被判敲诈勒索罪1年后重审获无罪返回讲台》)

这不是近年来因上访获罪的唯一案例。一些公民在维权过程中提出赔偿,当数额较大时,部分公安机关也会以涉嫌敲诈勒索罪刑拘公民。这种现象引发巨大争议。

根据有关法律规定,敲诈勒索罪是指以非法占有为目的,对被害人使用威胁或要挟的方法,强行索要公私财物的行为。上访女教师为何不构成敲诈勒索罪?维权与敲诈勒索罪的边界在哪里?记者就此采访了有关法律专家。

需有合法权利或事实作基础

曾研究敲诈勒索罪的中国人民大学刑法学博士简爱告诉记者,敲诈勒索罪与寻求正当诉求来解决问题,在一些情况下较易混淆。区分二者的重要方法是,要审视是否有一个合法的权利或者事实作为基础。

例如,公民有检举权,但是当公民掌握某个官员的不雅照片,却向其提出索要钱财,此时已经对其造成威胁。“在这种情况下,你跟对方要钱是没有根据的,你没有一个在先的合法权利,就构成敲诈勒索罪。”简爱说。

相反,在某些拆迁纠纷中,如果拆迁户没有得到法律规定的补偿,这时他掌握了开发商手续违法的事实,以举报来“要挟”获得应有的补偿,那么,这种情况通常不宜认定为敲诈勒索。拆迁户此举的目的是为了维护自己的正当权利,“因为违规拆迁的事实在前,这种处理也可以比较高效率地解决自己的问题”。

另一个区别是行使权利的手段是否合法。中国政法大学副教授王桂萍表示,维权手段必须正当,否则可能违反法律规定,“并不是有权利就可以无所不用其极地去维护”。

在一些环境污染索赔案中,企业要给当地村民赔偿,当赔偿数额商定好或村民提出“天价索赔”之后,村民反而被指涉嫌敲诈勒索罪。

简爱认为,在市场经济环境下,赔偿金额是可以协商的,而法律对协商的数额没有具体规定。企业可以拒绝索赔金额,即使谈崩,也可以通过法院诉讼等途径解决问题,因此“无论索赔多少钱都不涉及敲诈勒索”。

具体到陈文艳案件来说,中国政法大学刑事司法学院教授阮齐林认为,上访是公民权利,作为政府官员有义务解决这些事情,有的时候官员为了维稳愿意拿钱“哄”着访民,显然带有交换的目的。但是,上访依然是访民的权利,官员愿意把钱给访民作为交换让其放弃自身权利,不能认为是敲诈。

学者:政府不能作为敲诈勒索罪被害人

那么,政府、事业单位等公权力部门,可否成为敲诈勒索罪的犯罪对象?

王桂萍告诉记者,目前立法、司法对敲诈勒索罪构成要件中的对象没有明确定义,通常是司法实践中出了问题再具体分析,所以实践中的处理情况并不完全相同,“实践中,有判的,也有不判的,但是理论界认为是不可以判的”。

王桂萍表示,如果纯粹从敲诈勒索罪来看,访民索要钱财的行为表面上符合该罪的构成要件,但是,政府、事业单位不能作为敲诈勒索罪的被害人。陈文艳案的重审判决也认定事业单位法人不能是敲诈勒索罪的犯罪对象。

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