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黄河变清调查:绿色巨变藏风险 小水小沙隐患重

2017-09-25 11:27:36   瞭望

农业是黄河上的用水大户,目前黄河上中游地区占全流域农业用水量85%,节水潜力最大。《黄河流域水资源综合规划》认为,中上游农业节水潜力在51.6亿立方米。但近期的一些研究成果表明,黄河中上游农业节水空间并没有这么大。

黄河宁蒙河套灌区目前已发展成为灌溉规模达1400万亩的大型自流灌区,成为国家重要的农产品主产区,但这里长期采用大水漫灌,农业实际灌溉定额分别高达885立方米和508立方米。

据黄河勘测规划设计公司课题组研究发现,河套灌区周边沙漠环绕,土壤中风沙土占半数以上,农业灌溉具有明显的生态用水功能;不仅保证农作物生长需要,还可以补足地下水,满足周边植被与湖泊湿地用水需要。灌区一些水利工作者也向本刊记者表示:“如果没有几千年的大水漫灌,河套地区早变成沙漠了。”

内蒙古河套灌区处于库布其沙漠和乌兰布和沙漠夹击之下,多年平均地下水总补给量为30.7亿立方米,其中渠系与土壤补给占95%,如此才得以维持灌区平均地下水埋深为1.5至2米的绿洲存在条件。如果将农田渠系利用系数由目前的接近0.5提高到0.58,地下水埋深将接近2.5米红线,可能引发生态系统性变化。

黄河勘测规划设计公司课题组认为,黄河上中游六省区农业灌溉工程毛节水潜力为34.5亿立方米,而且每节约一立方米单方水投资高达25.5元。一些专家指出,黄河目前没有发生供水危机,主要是靠大量挤占河道生态用水支撑的,但日积月累后,会产生量变到质变的河流生态危机;仅靠节水,已难以弥补巨大的用水缺口,需要跨流域调水解黄河之渴。

适时启动南水北调西线工程

“南方水多,北方水少,如果可能,借一点来也是可以的”。1952年毛泽东主席视察黄河时,听到当时的黄委会主任王化云介绍已派勘探队到通天河查勘,希望把通天河水引到黄河里来时,风趣地说:“通天河是猪八戒去过的那个地方。”随后,便阐发了南北水调的伟大构想。

根据2002年国务院批复的《南水北调工程总体规划》,南水北调西线工程通过在长江上游通天河、支流雅砻江和大渡河上游筑坝建库,开凿输水隧洞,穿越黄河长江分水岭巴颜喀拉山,分三路(三期)每年共调170亿立方米的水进入黄河上游。2006年,水利部要求将第一二期工程(第一第二条线路)水源合并,作为南水北调西线一期工程。根据项目建议书,一期工程将从雅砻江上游、大渡河上游通过320公里隧洞直接调水到黄河干流,年平均可调水量约80亿立方米。

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