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黄河变清调查:绿色巨变藏风险 小水小沙隐患重

2017-09-25 11:27:36   瞭望

二是水利工程增多加剧了水面蒸发。目前,黄河流域共修建蓄水工程1.9万座,其中干流已建、在建水库就达28座。水库蓄水后水面扩大,蒸发量相应增加,导致径流量减少。本刊记者在采访中还发现,在水资源紧缺的华北、西北一些城市,近年来出现大造城市景观水之风。有的城市“拦河筑坝”,把河水“圈”在城内;有的城市耗巨资“挖地造湖”引水造景。专家指出,目前这些北方城市年均蒸发量超过降雨量一倍,一些西北城市甚至超十倍。“水面大了,蒸发量必然要大,造成宝贵水资源的巨大浪费。”

三是黄河流域地下水开采量增加,部分地区严重超采。从1980年到目前,黄河流域地下水开采量由93亿立方米上升到137亿立方米,增幅达47%。地下水超采面积达1.59万平方公里,其中山西就达1.05万平方公里。严重超采面积占总面积78%,形成十个巨大漏斗。超采地下水,使产汇流关系发生变化。在同等降水条件下,径流量减少。

在黄河水资源减少的同时,黄河流域用水却呈刚性增长。1950年黄河流域供水量为120亿立方米,目前已达510亿立方米,黄河支持流域社会经济发展的功能已到极限。

专家预测,到2030年,仅黄河流域需水量就达550亿立方米,而黄河每年还要向流域外地区供水100亿立方米。届时,即使来水正常年份,每年也有100亿立方米以上的用水缺口。黄河是一条多泥沙河流,每年必须要保证一定的冲沙水量和生态基流。据1987年国务院分水方案,黄河每年应有210亿立方米的入海水量。如果计算生态水量,从2000年起,黄河已出现每年50亿立方米的用水缺口,有限的黄河水资源已无法在农业、工业、生态用水中达到平衡。

一位水利专家这样向《瞭望》新闻周刊记者比喻:在河流的开发利用上,我们总觉得河流这把“水壶”用之不尽,把“兴河流之利”简单理解为添置更多的茶杯、茶碗,但有可能这些东西还没备齐,壶里就没水了。

左图:黄河支流洛河农民在抢种水稻 右图:游客在黄河湿地自然保护区观赏天鹅

流域节水空间有限

《瞭望》新闻周刊记者调研获悉,黄河目前总用水量中农业用水占74%,工业及三产用水占18%,生活用水占7%,生态用水占1%(主要为黄河入海口生态用水)。

近20多年来,黄河流域节水水平大大提高。与1980年相比,每万元工业增加值用水量由877立方米减少到46立方米,农业实际灌溉定额由542立方米减少到385立方米。《黄河流域水资源综合规划》认为,理论上,黄河流域总体节水潜力为83.6亿立方米,其中农业节水潜力为59.3亿立方米,工业为22.3亿立方米,生活节水为2亿立方米。

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