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黄河变清调查:绿色巨变藏风险 小水小沙隐患重

2017-09-25 11:27:36   瞭望

2003年8月26日至9月8日,短短14天内,黄河中游主要支流泾河、渭河、洛河、伊河等相继发生9场洪水。小浪底上游的泾河、渭河洪水含沙量大,而在小浪底下游入黄的洛河、伊河基本上是清水。“调配时间、空间差,让清水背沙袋”。通过运用小浪底水库,先拦蓄泾河、渭河高含沙洪水,待伊河、洛河清水入黄时再把高含沙洪水放出来,人工调配清浊,起到了减淤效果。

在随后的几次调水调沙中,黄河水利委员会对万家寨、三门峡、小浪底三座水库实施联合调度,在1000多公里河段上,演出了人造洪峰“大接力”的大剧,不仅冲刷了下游河道,还通过人工塑造异重流,清理了小浪底水库部分库尾淤沙。

建国后一段时间,治沙的发力点主要在“拦”字上。1960年,“万里黄河第一坝”三门峡水库投入运用,由于对黄河水沙规律认识不清,采取了“蓄水拦沙”的运用模式。仅一年半时间水库就淤积了15亿吨泥沙,还在渭河入黄口形成“拦门沙”,回水倒灌关中平原。

从1962年到1973年,三门峡水库绝大部分时间处在敞泄状态,但对治黄核心工程——水库运用方式的探索却没有停息,最终找到了“蓄清排浑”的运用方式,解开了多泥沙河流水库淤积难题,也为调水调沙打牢了技术根基。

站在小浪底坝上,万顷碧波尽收眼底。在减淤方面“以拦为基、以调为用”的小浪底水库库容126.5亿立方米,其中75亿立方米是用来拦沙的,能保证黄河下游河道至少20年不淤积抬高;剩下的库容,在非汛期蓄清水,汛期排浑水,通过冲淤平衡保持长期使用,并保持调水调沙运用。

游客在河南省济源市观看黄河小浪底调水调沙(2015年7月5 日摄)苗秋闹摄

完善水沙调控体系

从河南孟津到濮阳高村460多公里长的黄河河道,被称为“豆腐腰”。历史上,黄河三分之二的决口和改道发生在这里。《瞭望》新闻周刊记者沿河寻访时发现,这一带叫“口”的地名特多,花园口、柳园口、赵口……每一个“口”,都存留着历史上决口伤痛的记忆。

在这么短的赛道上,面对晋陕峡谷中养精蓄锐、积蓄巨大势能的对手,简单地拦堵,绝无胜机。要想改变这一劣势,就得在黄河上建设完善的水沙调控体系,变被动短跑为接力长跑,并最终赢得比赛。

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