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黄河变清调查:绿色巨变藏风险 小水小沙隐患重

2017-09-25 11:27:36   瞭望

虽然黄河干流上目前已有水库28座,但大部分都集中在上游,以发电为主要功能;在黄河中下游,能进行水沙综合调节运用的枢纽只有小浪底水库。按目前设计的水沙条件预估,拦沙库容淤满后,小浪底将变身为河道型水库,51亿立方米长期库容中,仅有10亿立方米库容可以用来调水调沙。届时,黄河下游河道将重回淤积状态,“人沙赛跑”经过中场休息后将继续开启,通过小浪底拦沙和调水调沙得到的较好河道形态又将逐步趋于恶化。

新世纪以来,黄土高原生态建设取得重大成就,入黄泥沙锐减。但中国科学院院士刘昌明等专家指出,黄河流域的水热条件决定了黄土高原植被恢复不会无限制发展。目前黄河中游植被状况与水沙条件基本达到相对平衡,植被恢复效应趋于稳定,拦沙效应距“天花板”已不远。还有一些专家指出,黄土高原强烈的水土流失发生在距今25万年至30万年前,进一步加剧在距今5万年前,远远早于人类频繁活动时期,仅靠水土保持,无法根本解决黄河泥沙问题。

专家向《瞭望》新闻周刊记者指出,黄河水沙关系不协调是流域性的,并非某一点、某一河段,要将其调节到协调,单一工程完不成任务,需要水沙调控体系来完成。

在国务院通过的《黄河流域综合规划》中,黄河水沙调控体系中主体除了干流已建成的龙羊峡、刘家峡、三门峡、小浪底水库,还规划在上中游修建黑山峡、碛口、古贤三座调节性水库,再与干流、支流其他控制性水库互为补充,才能共同构建完善的黄河水沙调控体系。

专家指出,在小浪底水库拦沙库容淤满前,应在黄河干流再兴建一座控制性水库,与小浪底联合进行水沙调控,以便在有限的库容和水量条件下发挥最大的减淤效果。经多方论证,适时启动古贤水库建设已成为共识。

古贤水库位于山西吉县和陕西宜川县交界处,总库容可达134.6亿立方米,其中拦沙库容可达93.6亿立方米,可控制主要淤积在下游河道中的直径大于0.05毫米粗沙的80%。在设计水沙条件下,与小浪底水库联合运用60年,可减少下游河道淤积量79亿吨。

本世纪初,治黄专家在黄河中游禹门口至潼关河段,找到了一个可淤积泥沙100亿吨的“大泥盆”。禹门口至潼关河段俗称黄河小北干流,河道总面积1100平方公里,其中滩地面积为682平方公里,多为人烟稀少、荆棘丛生的盐碱地,是一个“天然泥盆”。从2004年起,黄河水利委员会连续三年在小北干流河段进行“放淤”试验,成功地将400多万吨粗泥沙淤积在黄河沿岸的盐碱滩里。

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