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黄河变清调查:每年泥沙减少7亿吨 洪水几率增加

2017-09-25 08:15:28   瞭望

黄河中游具有暴雨频繁、强度大的特点。1977年内蒙古乌审旗降特大暴雨,降雨中9小时雨量达1400毫米。黄河下游所在黄淮海地区暴雨也相当剽悍,1975年淮河流域降特大暴雨,暴雨中心24小时雨量达1060毫米,洪水造成包括两座大型水库在内的数十座水库垮坝。如果当时雨区稍偏北,黄河下游将面临巨大考验。

黄委会曾测算,黄河下游有发生55000立方米每秒大洪水的可能。专家指出,虽然水土保持对黄河下游减水减沙效果明显,但从历史上特大洪水形成过程看,降雨所起的作用处主导地位。

结合现在的地形地物分析,下游大堤一旦决口,洪水泥沙灾害影响范围涉及冀、鲁、豫、皖、苏五省110个县(市),总土地面积约12万平方公里,人口超过1亿,耕地面积1.12亿亩。而且,历史上黄河大堤汛期决口后,从未有当即堵复的先例。

兰考东坝头被称为黄河“最后一弯”,风平浪静的黄河舒缓流过,不见一丝桀骜与狂暴。可1855年,黄河就在此处决口改道,形成现在流路。此前600多年间,黄河长期侵夺淮河流路,自江苏大丰入黄海。从公元前602年至1855年,黄河共大改道5次,在黄淮海平原上完成了由北向南、幅度达25万平方公里的扇形摆动。专家指出,依照黄河当前流路特征,一旦决口,可能引发改道,其灾祸难以承受。

山东邹平县黄河防汛队员在黄河岸边巡视(2014年7月7日摄)董乃德摄

“小水小沙”隐患重重

近十多年来,由于入黄泥沙锐减和小浪底水库拦沙运用,黄河下游大部分时间处于“小水小沙”过程中。但黄河并未安然无事,部分河段河势变化较大,防洪又出现新问题,又添新隐患。

《瞭望》新闻周刊记者在河南省濮阳县青庄险工看到,虽然只有700立方米每秒的流量,但黄河依然形成了斜河,水头顶冲险工。青庄险工原有15道挑流丁坝,2013年前都靠河,畸形河势形成后,大溜下挫,8号坝以上都不靠河了,只好在下游新修了三道坝。

濮阳市黄河河务局防汛办主任陈宝国说:“近年来濮阳段出现过三次畸形河势,如果不及时抢险,会引发下游河势连环变化,横河、斜河一旦直冲大堤,就有决口风险。”

黄委会防汛专家指出,过去,黄河下游的险工及控导工程是按4000立方米每秒流量的中水河槽情况布局的,现在水少沙少,条件变了。出现的新情况是:老的工程不靠水了,新工程还没修起来;不该冲的地方冲了,该淤的地方不淤了;游荡性河段摆动加剧,河势几乎一年一变。

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