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黄河变清调查:每年泥沙减少7亿吨 洪水几率增加

2017-09-25 08:15:28   瞭望

张金良说,汾川河“2013.7”洪水具有非常重要的警示意义。河流输沙量与流量的高次方成正比,当雨强到一定程度,超过植被承受范围,径流就会突然成倍增加,带走大量泥沙。这也证明,水土保持措施只在一定量级降雨下起作用,一旦发生超量级降雨,水土流失反而会加大。

目前黄土高原已建淤地坝5.84万座,控制水土流失总面积的16%,成为拦减黄河泥沙的重要防线。骨干坝的淤积年限一般在10~20年,中小型淤地坝一般在5~10年。很多淤地坝建设时间较早,部分坝拦沙库容已满,失去拦沙功能;一旦发生超设计标准的暴雨洪水,可能导致淤地坝系“串糖葫芦”式垮塌,将拦淤的泥沙重新输送入河。

流经陕西佳县的佳芦河是黄河的一级支流,流域内的柳沟淤地坝建于上世纪70年代,经过40年的淤积,基本淤满。2012年7月,突发暴雨将淤地坝冲垮,仅三天时间,淤沙全部被冲走。流域内的康崖窑淤地坝也被冲毁,仅20个小时,所淤泥沙就全被带走。

张金良认为,黄河主要产沙区的产沙能力在长时期内不会变化,泥沙供给可以说是无限的。对于特定的产沙区,存在一定的降雨阈值,当降雨条件小于该阈值时,侵蚀产生的沙量不断滞存于坡面或局部沟道内,入黄沙量很小;当降雨条件满足该阈值时,长期“零存”的沙量将被大规模“整取”入黄。而淤地坝、梯田等拦沙工程,也存在“零存整取”风险。

在长期枯水枯沙后,1998年7月,内蒙古鄂尔多斯西柳沟流域迎来大暴雨,7月12日,含沙量达1350公斤每立方米的洪水入黄河后,携带的泥沙将黄河拦腰截断,形成一座长10公里、宽1.5公里、厚6.27米,淤积量近1亿立方米的巨型沙坝,造成巨大灾害。

工作人员在模型黄河小浪底库区断面进行含沙垂直测量 朱祥摄

大洪水几率增加

自1982年黄河下游发生15300立方米每秒洪水后,黄河已连续34年未发生超过10000立方米每秒量级的洪水,但风平浪静之中暗藏忧患。

2016年7月,属海河流域,但紧邻黄河的豫北地区出现大暴雨,若这场降雨偏移到黄河流域,花园口水文站洪峰流量将达18900立方米每秒。专家指出,大洪水的发生有周期性特点,同量级大洪水,时间间隔越长,发生的概率就越高。1958年黄河下游发生22300立方米每秒的大洪水,属于60年一遇洪水,距今已59年;1982年黄河下游发生15300立方米每秒的大洪水,属于30年一遇洪水,距今已35年。

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