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应对臭氧污染 我们可以更主动

2017-09-06 22:05:39   中国经济网

受访专家认为,随着PM2.5治理的深化和氮氧化物(NOx)、挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)减排持续推进,我国臭氧可以实现有效控制。

社会公众如何避免臭氧污染的损害

相关研究表明, 空气中每立方米臭氧含量每增加100微克,人的呼吸功能就会减弱3%。当臭氧达到一定浓度时,可使人呼吸加速、胸闷,如果浓度进一步提高,可引起脉搏加速、疲倦、头痛。那么当下,面对无形无色的臭氧污染,社会公众又该怎样做好防护呢?

对此,专家认为,关于臭氧污染的健康危害及其防护,需要分清几个层次的问题。

首先,臭氧分“好的臭氧”和“坏的臭氧”,近地面环境空气中的臭氧对人体健康和生态环境有害,是“坏的臭氧”;高空平流层中的臭氧保护地表生物不受强紫外线辐射伤害,是“好的臭氧”,此外人们利用臭氧具有较强强氧化性的特点,将其用于食品和饮用水消毒、净化室内空气、洗浴保健等,也是“好的臭氧”。

其次,“坏的臭氧”能“坏”到什么程度,取决于三方面因素的共同作用:臭氧的化学性质、环境空气中的臭氧浓度、人体或生物在一定浓度臭氧中的暴露时间。

WHO现行《空气质量准则(2005年全球更新版)》提出,有研究表明臭氧日最大8小时平均浓度超过160微克/立方米,可对在其中进行运动人构成危害,但是有专家对此表示异议;8小时臭氧浓度高于240微克/立方米的健康危害则有更多实验数据支持。WHO将臭氧过渡时期目标值设定为160微克/立方米,对学术界存在的争议不予考虑,这是一个稍微有些保守的决定。

“臭氧的高值出现在夏季晴朗高温天气下的室外光照环境,只要这个时候不在室外长时间、剧烈运动,就可以大幅降低臭氧危害。”环保部宣教司巡视员刘友宾说。有研究发现,室外臭氧浓度高达400微克/立方米的时候,关闭门窗室内臭氧浓度可迅速降到60微克/立方米以下,有的室内家具、物品较多,臭氧浓度甚至能降到个位数。

“对于臭氧污染,我们每个人不仅可以被动应对、进行健康防护,而且可以积极主动地参加到防治工作中来。”刘炳江说,当前,我国大气中的氮氧化物(NOx)浓度呈下降趋势,但挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)排放量仍然在不断增加,主要原因是挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)来源广泛、分散,控制难度大。日常生活中的装饰、粉刷、出行等活动都可能排放挥发性有机污染物(VOCs),如果我们每人都优先选择降低挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)排放的产品或服务,例如家用油漆选购水性漆,给家用车加油时选择油气回收设施正常、没有汽油味道的加油站等等,每个人都为挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)减排做出贡献,那么挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)上升的势头就有望得到扭转,为臭氧污染防治提供有力支持。(经济日报—中国经济网记者 曹红艳)

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