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环保部:正在切实加强臭氧监控、采取治理措施

2017-09-06 19:21:44   中国经济网

从9月1日起,广东省开展为期三个月的臭氧污染防治专项行动。今年上半年广东省各城市空气质量达标天数比例平均为91.6%,在全省空气质量污染源中,臭氧已取代PM2.5(细颗粒物),成为全省空气首要污染物。

实际上,在不少城市,臭氧已经成为夏季首要大气污染物。“我国高度关注发达国家历史教训,正在切实加强臭氧监控、采取治理措施,今后我国可能出现臭氧浓度波动,但是在正常气象条件下,现在不会发生光化学烟雾事件,将来发生的可能性也极小。”在环保部9月1日召开的京津冀及周边地区秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动新闻发布会上,环保部大气环境管理司司长刘炳江说。

臭氧“在天是佛,在地是魔”

臭氧是一种淡蓝色气体,具有强氧化性,普通人很难察觉到臭氧污染。

不少人混淆“臭氧层”与“臭氧”的区别。自然界的臭氧,大多分布在距地面20公里至50公里的大气中,被称为“臭氧层”,能有效阻挡紫外线,保护人类健康。但是,近地面高浓度的臭氧会刺激和损害眼睛、呼吸系统等黏膜组织,对人体健康产生负面作用。

研究显示,空气中每立方米臭氧含量每增加100微克,人的呼吸功能就会减弱3%。当臭氧达到一定浓度时,可使人呼吸加速、胸闷,如果浓度进一步提高,可引起脉搏加速、疲倦、头痛。臭氧污染还会对环境造成损害,比如,会导致植物叶片坏死、脱落,危害生态环境,造成农作物减产等。“在天是佛,在地是魔”,有人这样评价臭氧。

近地面的臭氧来自哪里?环保部环境规划院大气环境规划部副主任雷宇表示,石化工业、加油站、汽车尾气等排放的挥发性有机物与氮氧化物,在阳光照射的条件下,发生一系列光化学反应,生成以臭氧为主的光化学烟雾。与此同时,臭氧的生成增加大气氧化性,也会加速二次颗粒物的生成。尤其在6—9月阳光强烈的夏秋午后,一般是下午1点至4点,温度较高、相对湿度较低时,比较容易发生臭氧超标。此外,雷电等自然现象也会产生臭氧,还有少部分臭氧来自于平流层输入。

我国臭氧平均污染水平大致相当于美国十多年前

由于臭氧的危害日益明显,我国2012年修订实施的《环境空气质量标准》增加了臭氧控制标准,8小时浓度日平均值超过160微克/立方米,空气质量就不达标。“我国现行标准接近美国等发达国家标准。”刘炳江表示。

“臭氧污染水平的计量之所以采用日最大8小时平均值,也就是一天中最大的连续8小时浓度均值,是因为臭氧对于人体、植物的影响有一个非常明显的阈值,采用24小时平均的话,高浓度的影响会被低浓度掩盖。”雷宇说。

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