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冷冻人:复活还只是梦想

2017-08-27 06:20:48   中国经济网

而对于体积再大一些的组织或器官,却只能低温短期保存,而不能像细胞那样放进液氮中长期冻存。“细胞保存几万年没问题。器官现在只能4℃左右低温保存,没有冻起来,冻起来会破坏组织活性,不能用于移植了。”刘静解释说,原因在于体积较大的组织或器官,冷却液很难快速均匀地导入其内部,降温或升温时可能因其内外温差导致的应力,造成撕裂性创伤;同时,冻存组织的细胞和细胞之间容易形成冰晶,在冷冻和复苏过程中,这些冰晶都会对组织造成不可逆的机械性损伤。

关于冰晶的伤害,有一个更通俗的比喻。据BBC报道,低温生物学家高大勇曾说过,冻存人体在复苏升温过程中,随时可能像玻璃一样碎掉。

所以,目前现代低温保存技术只在皮肤、角膜、肝脏、肾脏等复杂组织和器官的短期保存上取得进展,并在器官移植手术中得到应用。稍微复杂一些的组织和器官都不能在真正冻存后保持生物活性,更不用说整个人体的冻存复苏了。

复苏,还从未成功

科学家没有停止过对冻存生物的复苏实验,但以目前的技术水平,人体放在液氮里再复活几乎不可能成功

那么,用冷冻技术延长人类寿命的梦想就这样失败了吗?

“其实我们可以换个思维方向,比如说,冻死癌细胞!”刘静向记者介绍,在人类与肿瘤抗争的过程中,超低温冷冻消融手术具有麻醉镇痛、止血及减少出血、能防止肿瘤扩散等优点,且副作用远低于放疗和化疗,赢得“绿色疗法”之誉。他的研究团队从17年前就开始进行这个方向的研究。今年该团队与北京一家医疗器械公司共同研制的创新医疗器械“低温冷冻手术系统”和“一次性使用无菌冷冻消融针”,已通过国家食品药品监督管理总局审批,被批准上市,产品授权使用范围为“临床中除空腔肿瘤外的实体肿瘤冷冻治疗”。

当然,科学家是最喜欢挑战梦想的人群。虽然冻死癌细胞比复苏冻存人体容易得多,他们也没有停止过对冻存生物的复苏实验。

1971年曾有报道称,科学家采用液氮长时间保存舌蝇和白蛉并获得成功。但此后的案例十分少见。

在2007年发表的一篇论文中,刘静团队对黑背蚂蚁进行了零下10℃以下的冷冻复活研究。研究结果显示,将经过长期喂养糖类抗冻剂的黑背蚂蚁装入广口瓶放置在零下20℃环境中48个小时,广口瓶中最终最低温度为零下18℃,534只蚂蚁中,仅有7只复活,复活率为1.31%;而不作抗冻处理的蚂蚁,冷冻之后无一幸免,全数死亡;至于他们尝试过的其他更大个体动物如小鼠的冷冻复活,则从未成功过,也就无从发表研究报告。

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