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我国云量近十年呈上升趋势 日照时数明显减少

2017-08-23 07:45:36   中国经济网

我们经常使用的天气预报中提到的晴、少云、多云和阴,就是根据云量的多少划分的。天空无云,或者总云量少于1成,则为“晴天”,总云量1-3成为“少云”;3-7成为“多云”,当云量在8成以上时则是“阴天”。

我国云量南多北少

夏季常“浓云密布”

在全球范围内,天空中平均总云量约为67%,不过它的分布是非常不均匀的。全球总云量随纬度和海陆的变化有较大差异。一般来说,云量在海洋地区高于陆地地区。由赤道至两极附近,云量的分布有三个峰值带,一个位于赤道附近,另外两个分别位于南北纬60°附近,云量可达到90%。赤道地区云量之所以多,是因为该地区接收到的太阳辐射能量最多,水汽充分,垂直气流发展旺盛。在南北回归线附近,云量又出现低值区,因为这个区域处在环流的下流区,来自赤道地区的上升气流在此下沉,抑制了云的生成。非洲北部、中东、印度西北部、北美洲南部以及中美洲部分地区、澳大利亚、南美洲以及非洲的南部地区云量都比较少,只有30%左右。中东和撒哈拉地区是世界上云量最少的地区。天空中云量甚至低于10%。

相比全球,我国年平均总云量略微偏少,为61%。由于我国地域纬度跨越较大,云量在南北的分布差异较大,从南到北呈带状分布而减少,纬度越高,云量越少。总云量空间分布与我国气候环境相关,北部地区气候干旱、少雨、云量少;南部水汽供应充足及受季风影响,云量多。同一纬度下,东部云量多于西部。

我国多云区域主要在西南地区东部、东北东部、新疆西北部。西南的云贵川地区、华南、江南等地云量非常多,超过65%,以贵州的湄潭为中心,年平均总云量最多可达到87%。这些地方云量多主要与西南季风、水汽供应充足和高原的动力作用有关。云量偏少的区域位于北方干旱区域,包括新疆北部、内蒙古东部、东北西部、华北北部、青藏高原等。其中北京、呼和浩特、拉萨等也属于少云的城市。青藏高原地域由于受夏季高原地形影响,空间分布比较复杂,总云量在35-65%之间。青藏高原东部云量多,西部云量少。西藏南部的江孜地区是高原总云量最少区域。

我国总云量分布与季风气候特征密切相关,呈现出明显的季节变化特征。一般来说,夏季是我国夏季风最强盛时期,暖湿气流供应充足,同时温度高,蒸发量大,从而形成了云量最多的时期,尤其5、6、7这三个月的平均总云量可达6-7成。而冬季影响我国的气流主要是西北干冷空气,同时温度低,蒸发量少,云朵难以形成,是一年中云量明显偏少的一段时间,12月平均总云量甚至不足4成。

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