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传销入罪门槛高:“大鱼”难落网“虾米”全跑光

2017-08-22 09:10:40   中国青年网

李旭认为,《禁止传销条例》是2005年颁布实施的,那时候互联网还没有兴起,因此主要针对传统意义上的有公司、有产品的传销进行打击。现在10多年过去了,伴随互联网的飞速发展,“南派”“北派”这样的基地传销都所升级,既无公司又无产品,取证很难,还有的公司借助互联网模式进行金融传销,这就牵扯到第三方支付、资金存管问题,会涉及到央行、银监会等部门,仅仅依靠工商和公安两个部门,很难进行有效查处,急需多部门形成合力。“所以,法律也要针对这些金融传销,颁布一些有针对性的与时俱进的规定。”

教育和法律震慑要双管齐下

按照目前相关规定,以推销商品、提供服务等经营活动为名,要求参加者以缴纳费用或者购买商品、服务等方式获得加入资格,并按照一定顺序组成层级,直接或者间接以发展人员的数量作为计酬或者返利依据,引诱、胁迫参加者继续发展他人参加,骗取财物,扰乱经济社会秩序的传销组织,其组织内部参与传销活动人员在三十人以上且层级在三级以上的,应当对组织者、领导者追究刑事责任。

这种起刑标准在实践中导致了这样一个现象:“大鱼”难以落网,“虾米”又达不到定罪标准,甚至构不成行政处罚要件,很多传销团伙被清查后只能驱散遣返,其骨干头目和参与传销人员就像“割韭菜”,一茬接一茬。

对此,一些专家学者认为,组织、领导传销活动罪的立案追诉标准过高,使传销活动的积极参与者难以定罪,导致目前司法实践中对传销犯罪活动仍多以非法拘禁等罪处理。因此,应当考虑降低打击传销法律的入罪门槛。

“在没有将整个传销组织体系完全‘起底’之前,很难证实谁组织、领导了30人以上的‘下线’,无法确定人员所处层级,导致很多案件无法达到组织、领导传销活动罪的立案追诉标准。”许浩建议,一方面通过修改相关法律法规,明确主管部门之间的权限划分和职责配合,建立协调机制,解决跨区跨省办案、立案的问题。另一方面,通过司法解释明确组织、领导传销活动罪的立案标准,解决“大鱼”难以落网、“虾米”全跑光的问题。“对于传销组织中的众多‘下线’来说,虽然其行为同样违法,但依据目前规定,参加传销的,由工商行政管理部门责令停止违法行为,一般参与者可处2000元以下罚款。”

李旭也认为,传销的立案标准还是相对较高,有必要降低门槛,增加法律的可操作性。此外,证据规格也要相对降低。他举例说,“南派”“北派”这种异地传销属于行为犯罪,主要是靠口供和笔录来取证,但现在很多人都被洗脑了,根本不配合,调查取证很难。

“传销是一种涉众型犯罪,实际上,只要是参与了传销,就是违法。但现在除了对组织领导者进行打击,按照《禁止传销条例》,对其他广大参与者则以批评教育为主。但这种简单的批评教育对于已经被洗脑的传销人员来说,效果并不理想,他们很多人仍然执迷不悟,甚至继续对抗查处。对于这些既是受害者,又是加害者的积极参与人员,必须教育和处罚相结合,而不能按照以前只是教育批评和简单驱散。”李旭认为,这就缺乏法律的震慑力,要增加违法犯罪的成本。

李旭建议,对于没有发展下线的,可以主要进行教育;对于有下线的,要区别对待,被查处还屡教不改的传销积极参与者必须要对其作出行政拘留、罚款等处罚,让他们知道法律的震慑力。

“总之,教育和法律震慑要双管齐下。”李旭说。

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