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充分认识我国人口老龄化的规律和特征
2017-08-20 07:56:23 中国经济网
我国人口老龄化的主要特征和老龄事业面临的新机遇
我国的人口老龄化呈现出以下主要特征:
老年人口规模庞大,给养老保障制度建设和医疗保健事业发展带来压力。我国人口基数庞大,老年人口规模在很长一段时间都将居高不下。截至2015年末,我国60岁及以上老年人口数量达到2.2亿,居世界首位,占世界老年人口总量约1/4。21世纪前半叶,我国老年人口规模将持续攀升。这就要求整个社会的养老资金支出、社会保障制度设计、配套基础设施建设以及养老服务体系构建等都要以老年人口的总体规模为重要依据,并不断完善医疗卫生服务,加快老年病防治和老年保健事业发展。
快速老龄化进程与劳动力总量减少并行,劳动力年龄结构老化给经济持续健康发展带来挑战。随着老年人口规模的扩大,我国劳动年龄人口总量自2011年达到峰值后便开始逐年缩减,劳动力年龄结构也开始老化。这不仅加重了劳动年龄人口的养老负担,也深刻影响着我国过去以劳动密集型产业为主的经济发展方式,要求加快经济转型升级,将发展动力从主要依靠资源和低成本劳动力等要素投入转向依靠创新驱动,并大力提高劳动力素质和劳动生产率。
空巢老人和独居老人总量大,家庭养老支持功能明显弱化。随着我国工业化和城镇化的快速发展,人口迁移流动日益频繁、分户居住现象日益普遍,引发家庭结构发生深刻变化,主要表现在家庭规模逐步缩小和家庭内部代际结构日益简化两个方面。目前,我国平均家庭规模约为3人,仅由夫妻二人组成的“一代户”家庭(主要是空巢老人和空巢中年人)在所有家庭中的占比超过1/3。同时,由于工作和生活节奏加快,很多子女没有充分的时间照顾父母。目前,我国空巢老人比重较高,占老年人总数的一半。传统的家庭养老功能弱化,加重了整个社会的养老负担。
值得指出的是,未来二三十年即将步入老年的“新一代”老年人呈现出了一些新特点,预示着我国老龄事业面临新机遇。一是受教育水平持续提升,接受新事物及运用信息技术的能力普遍增强;二是积累了一定财富,具有较强的养老产品和服务消费欲望与实力;三是随着经济社会发展,人们的自理状态预期寿命将会不断提高,从而大大减轻老年群体在日常生活中对外部力量的依赖。这些新特点,使发展老龄事业、有效应对老龄化挑战、妥善解决老龄社会问题面临着新的机遇。比如,在物联网、互联网等信息通信技术的推动下,智慧养老平台快速发展,有利于为老年人提供多元化、个性化的服务,满足不同层次老年人的需求特别是精神生活上的需求;面向老年人的居家设计能够为老年人洗澡、如厕等带来巨大便利;依托现代通信设备建立起老年居家紧急呼救系统,在小区物业服务中增加老年紧急呼救响应服务,大力发展养老服务业等,都将让老年人享受到更便利的生活和医疗服务。
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