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《民法总则》规定网络虚拟财产的意义

2017-08-15 07:14:41   中国经济网

全国人民代表大会常务委员会副委员长李建国在《关于〈中华人民共和国民法总则(草案)〉的说明》中指出:“为了适应互联网和大数据时代发展的需要,草案规定,法律对数据、网络虚拟财产的保护有规定的,依照其规定。”

《民法总则》第127条的含义是什么

《民法总则(草案)》对网络虚拟财产有三次不同的规定。应当看到的是,《民法总则》127条对网络虚拟财产的规定,文字表面并没有明显的倾向性意见,对网络虚拟财产的定性似乎很模糊,但是如果将三次《民法总则(草案)》关于虚拟财产条文的内容综合起来看,其中发展线索可以很明显地揭示立法机关对于网络虚拟财产的法律属性是有明确看法的,得出网络虚拟财产的法律属性是物的结论,其实并不困难。

必须明确地看到,《民法总则》127条规定网络虚拟财产,其所处位置尽管比较微妙,但是仍然确认网络虚拟财产就是民事权利客体。首先,《民法总则》127条规定网络虚拟财产,既不是规定民事权利,也不是规定民事权利的变动规则,当然就是规定民事权利客体。其次,数据和网络虚拟财产无论具有何种属性,都只能是权利客体而不能成为权利,必须为某一种类型的民事权利所支配,而不能使其成为权利,因为网络虚拟财产是一种客观存在,而不是法律赋予的主观权利。正因为如此,确认《民法总则》127条规定的网络虚拟财产是权利客体,是毫无疑问的正确结论。

网络虚拟财产是不可能成为债权客体的。其最重要的依据是,《民法总则》118条第2款规定非常明确地说明,债权的客体是民事主体的“行为”,而不是其他任何形式的客观存在。而网络虚拟财产是独立于人主观之外的客观存在,独立于人的意志之外,不是民事主体的行为,因而不可能成为债权的客体。

《民法总则》没有规定网络虚拟财产是知识产权客体。《民法总则》规定知识产权客体是在123条第2款,这些知识产权的客体规定得比较详细,也比较具体,但是它不包括网络虚拟财产。

《民法总则》规定的财产权利,除了物权、债权和知识产权以外,还规定了股权和继承权。网络虚拟财产不能作为股权的客体,但是可以作为继承权的客体,因为继承权的客体就是遗产,是被继承人合法的私有财产。

《民法总则》规定的财产权利,包括物权、债权、知识产权、继承权以及股权及其他投资性权利。根据上述分析,《民法总则》127条规定的网络虚拟财产既然是民事权利客体,但又不是债权、知识产权以及股权和其他投资性权利,就只剩下物权和继承权,因而可得出一个唯一结论:网络虚拟财产一定是物权的客体,其法律属性就是物,属于虚拟物;自然人自己拥有网络虚拟财产作为自己的物权客体,当其死亡,网络虚拟财产也会作为自己的合法财产,成为继承权的客体即遗产。

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