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多地新生儿二孩占比过半 专家吁全面放开生育政策

2017-08-12 10:10:20   华夏时报

就此,山东省卫计委相关人士预计,今年出生总人数与去年持平,而从各地的情况来看,二孩占比基本都在七成左右。

这样的预测,明显高于2016年全年。根据国家统计局的数据,2016年我国新出生人口达到1786万人,其中,二孩占到了45%左右,大概有800万到830万人。

下半年全面放开生育政策?

“二孩”出生量超过“一孩”,政策效果显现,不过,我国仍处于低出生、低死亡、低增长的人口再生产类型,生育政策调整直接影响出生人口的数量,对人口总量和结构的影响是一个长期的过程,生育政策何时全面放开依然待解。

“根据国家统计局数据,2016年‘二孩’及以上占出生人口比重超45%,比2015年提高了十几个百分点。这说明全面二孩政策效果初显,对改善中国人口结构有一定作用。然而,虽然全面二孩政策有助于促进我国出生人口增长,但预计不会持续多久。原因是:第一,生育堆积效应只在头一两年比较明显,此后便很快衰减;第二,‘十三五’期间,我国育龄妇女总量每年减少约500万人,5年就减少2500万人左右;第三,尽管近几年我国二孩数量增多了,但同时一孩数量却减少了。”何亚福表示,根据国家卫计委的数据,2013-2015年,我国育龄妇女总量和“一孩”出生数都逐年减少,这意味着,“二孩”的增加量难以弥补“一孩”的减少量。

记者通过梳理数据发现,2017年上半年的出生人口虽然多于2016年同期,但增速明显放缓,同时,“一孩”的占比明显减少。

“生‘一孩’的群体大部分是90后,生‘二孩’的大都是70、80后,90后人数本身就少于后者。同时,长期的‘一胎化’政策已经完全改变了中国家庭的生育观念。在其他低生育率国家,父母需要强烈的理由才不会生育第二个孩子,而在中国城市,父母现在需要强烈的理由才会考虑生育第二个孩子,而农村则在向城市看齐,这种将‘一孩’当成默认选择的现象比较普遍。”黄文政表示,长期低生育率加剧人口老龄化,导致养老负担沉重,育龄家庭不堪重负,这反过来也会抑制生育意愿,又是一个恶性循环。

就此,何亚福表示,虽然有些地区出台了一些鼓励生育“二孩”的措施,但生育政策仍然没有完全放开,一些地方仍然对“抢生二孩”的夫妇征收社会抚养费,仍然处罚生“三孩”的夫妇,建议应该尽快全面放开生育,并出台鼓励生育的措施。

根据各地统计局发布的报告显示,部分地方已针对因“二孩”而增加用工成本的企业给予政策优惠和奖励;另一方面,建议企业给备孕女性提供用工安全感,给予“二孩”夫妇比“一孩”更长的带薪休假时间,且休假的工资可以适当上涨。

“即便全面放开生育政策,生育率也只会在头两三年因生育堆积的释放达到或接近更替水平,但出生人口峰值将远低于1990年代初期的水平。”黄文政预测,中国人口到2100年也难以超过8亿,这个结果是考虑到了计划生育政策的放开对生育率的影响,以及人口寿命的增长等多种因素而计算出来的,应该来说是目前相对比较科学和有代表性的观点。

就此,黄文政表示,希望政策能够有所改变,尽快发布全面放开甚至鼓励生育的政策。

责任编辑:曲格林 CN064
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